Using compensating variation to measure the costs of child disability in the UK

The objective of disability policy is to create a society where people with disabilities and their families enjoy an equal standard of living to those without disabilities, though evidence to underpin policy is sparse. We defined the compensating variation (CV) of child disability as the amount of additional income a family with a disabled child would require to achieve the same living standards as a similar family without a disabled child. The aims of this study were to estimate the CV for child disability and to explore how this varied for different levels of disability and reference levels of living standards. Using data on 54,641 families from the Family Resources Survey (2004–2012), we matched families with (cases) and without (controls) a disabled child on family and child characteristics plus living standards and calculated the income difference inclusive of disability benefits. Our findings suggest that across families with the most disabled children, a compensating variation equal to an extra £56–£79 a week was required to achieve the same living standards as matched families without a disabled child compared with the mean level of state disability benefit £47–£71 a week in this group

Restoration of normal occlusal relations in the complex treatment of patients with generalized periodontitis and bounded edentulous spaces

The aim of the work is to restore occlusal relations during the orthopedic stages of complex treatment in patients with chronic course of generalized periodontitis (GP) of the І and ІІ degree and bounded edentulous spaces using the “T-Scan” system to achieve stable disease. Materials and methods. A total of 55 patients aged from 20 to 44 years old were examined, including 20 persons with oral health and occlusal equilibration and 35 patients with GP in its chronic phase of the I and II degree presenting with Kennedy classes III and IV partially edentulous situation (1–3). After evaluation of the dental occlusion relationships, all patients were performed a complex treatment of GP by selective grinding or occlusal surface adjustment with a composite material under the control of the apparatus “T-Scan III”, achieving the most correct distribution of occlusal contacts. At the same time, the local instrumental and medical treatment using antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs and medicines with systemic effect orally to correct metabolic disorders. This was followed by the orthopedic treatment, restoring the dentition defects with fixed metal-ceramic structures under the control of the “T-Scan III” system. The results of therapy were evaluated immediately, after 6 and 12 months. Results. We have confirmed that the normal masticating pressure between the left and right parts of the dentofacial system is distributed evenly. However, we have found out, that there are not always ideal occlusion relationships, and the variation range is (48.7 to 51.3) ± 0.24 % in healthy persons. At the stages of orthopedic treatment, and especially fitting denture with the help of the “T-Scan III” system, we have reached the norm determined by us, striving for perfection. The state of periodontium and occlusion achieved after the complex treatment, remained for more than 12 months, that was confirmed by clinico-radiological data. Conclusions. Restoration of normal occlusal relations under the control of the “T-Scan III” system contributed to rapid GP remission during the orthopedic stages of complex treatment in patients with GP and bounded edentulous spaces after initial and medicamentous periodontal therapy and provided prevention of various complications and long-term stabilization of the pathological process in the periodontium

The Economic Costs of Child Maltreatment in UK

Child maltreatment is a major public health problem with significant consequences for individual victims and for society. In this paper we quantify for the first time the economic costs of fatal and non-fatal child maltreatment in the UK in relation to several short-, medium- and long-term outcomes ranging from physical and mental health problems, to labour market outcomes and welfare use. We combine novel regression analysis of rich data from the National Child Development Study and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing with secondary evidence to produce an incidence-based estimate of the lifetime costs of child maltreatment from a societal perspective. The discounted average lifetime incidence cost of non-fatal child maltreatment by a primary caregiver is estimated at £89,390 (95% uncertainty interval £44,896 to £145,508); the largest contributors to this are costs from social care, short-term health and long-term labour market outcomes. The discounted lifetime cost per death from child maltreatment is estimated at £940,758, comprising health care and lost productivity costs. Our estimates provide the first comprehensive benchmark to quantify the costs of child maltreatment in the UK and the benefits of interventions aimed at reducing or preventing it

The economic costs of child maltreatment in the UK

Child maltreatment is a major public health problem with significant consequences for individual victims and for society. In this paper, we quantify for the first time the economic costs of fatal and nonfatal child maltreatment in the UK in relation to several short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes ranging from physical and mental health problems to labor market outcomes and welfare use. We combine novel regression analysis of rich data from the National Child Development Study and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging with secondary evidence to produce an incidence-based estimate of the lifetime costs of child maltreatment from a societal perspective. The discounted average lifetime incidence cost of nonfatal child maltreatment by a primary caregiver is estimated at £89,390 (95% uncertainty interval £44,896 to £145,508); the largest contributors to this are costs from social care, short-term health, and long-term labor market outcomes. The discounted lifetime cost per death from child maltreatment is estimated at £940,758, comprising health care and lost productivity costs. Our estimates provide the first comprehensive benchmark to quantify the costs of child maltreatment in the UK and the benefits of interventions aimed at reducing or preventing it

Механизм усовершенствования системы оплаты за передачу реактивной энергии

Діюча в Україні система оплати за перетікання реактивної електроенергії в електричних мережах електропередавальних організацій до промислових та непромислових споживачів основана на компенсації втрат активної електроенергії. В основу системи оплати покладено економічний еквівалент реактивної потужності (ЕЕРП). Однак використана в системі оплати функціональна залежність плати від ЕЕРП не відображає фактичних втрат активної електроенергії, що робить розрахунки плати непрозорими. Оскільки у даному випадку здійснюється регулювання у сфері діяльності природних монополій, то визначення плати повинно абсолютно точно компенсувати витрати електропередавальних організацій і точно визначати їх прибуток за надані послуги по передаванню реактивної електроенергії. В статті описано математичні моделі та алгоритми визначення плати за перетікання реактивної електроенергії з використанням пропорційного розподілення втрат між споживачами. Розрахунок ЕЕРП запропоновано здійснювати в залежності від активних навантажень споживачів і граничних значень коефіцієнта реактивної потужності для мереж даного класу напруги.The current system in Ukraine pay for reactive power flow in electrical networks energy-transmission enterprises in the industrial and non-industrial consumers based on compensation of active energy. The basis of payment laid the economic equivalent of reactive power (EERP). However, the system used to pay salaries of functional dependence EERP not reflect the actual losses of active power, making calculations fees opaque. Since in this case the regulation in the sphere of natural monopolies, the board must determine exactly compensate energy-transmission enterprises and accurately determine their income for services rendered by reactive power. The article deals mathematical models and algorithms for determining payment for reactive power flow based using the proportional distribution of losses among consumers. Calculation EERP proposed to implement depending on the active consumer loads and boundary values of reactive power for a given voltage class networks.Действующая в Украине система оплаты за перетоки реактивной электроэнергии в электрических сетях электропередающих организаций к промышленным и непромышленным потребителям основана на компенсации потерь активной электроэнергии. В основу системы оплаты положен экономический эквивалент реактивной мощности (ЭЭРМ). Однако использованная в системе оплаты функциональная зависимость платы от ЭЭРМ не отражает фактических потерь активной электроэнергии, что делает расчеты платы непрозрачными. Поскольку в данном случае осуществляется регулирование в сфере деятельности естественных монополий, то определение платы должно абсолютно точно компенсировать расходы электропередающих организаций и точно определять их прибыль за предоставленные услуги по передаче реактивной электроэнергии. В статье описаны математические модели и алгоритмы определения платы за перетоки реактивной электроэнергии с использованием пропорционального распределения потерь между потребителями. Расчет ЭЭРМ предложено осуществлять в зависимости от активных нагрузок потребителей и предельных значений коэффициента реактивной мощности для данного класса напряжения