Increased surface flashover voltage in microfabricated devices

With the demand for improved performance in microfabricated devices, the necessity to apply greater electric fields and voltages becomes evident. When operating in vacuum, the voltage is typically limited by surface flashover forming along the surface of a dielectric. By modifying the fabrication process we have discovered it is possible to more than double the flashover voltage. Our finding has significant impact on the realization of next-generation micro- and nano-fabricated devices and for the fabrication of on-chip ion trap arrays for the realization of scalable ion quantum technology

Concepts of animal well-being and predicting the impact of procedures on experimental animals

1. We argue that: • in their application to non-human animals, \u27welfare\u27 and \u27well-being\u27 are interchangeable words; and that • good welfare/well-being is the state of being manifest in an animal when its nutritional, environmental, health, behavioural and mental needs are met. 2. These latter are essentially the \u27five freedoms\u27 formulated by the Farm Animal Welfare Council of the United Kingdom. 3. Using the five freedoms as a basis, we have developed a system for assessing the impact of a proposed animal experiment or usage. The freedoms are now transformed into \u27domains of potential compromise\u27 and are redefined better to emphasise the extent of welfare compromise rather than the ideal of absence of compromise. Domain 1 is Thirst/hunger/malnutrition, 2 is Environmental challenge, 3 is Disease/injury/functional impairment, 4 is Behavioural/interactive restriction, and domain 5 is Anxiety/fear/pain/distress. A proposal would be examined systematically in all domains, and the degree of compromise in each rated on a 5-step non-numerical scale - O, A, B, C, X. Anxiety/fear/pain/distress arising from compromise in domains 1-4 would be cumulated into domain 5. The overall rating would commonly be that given to domain 5, but if this were low or unknown, it would be given to the highest rating in the other domains. 4. The proposer would be required to present to the institutional Animal Ethics Committee his/her assessment of the impact of a proposed experiment on the animals involved, together with an appropriate justification for the work and a cost-benefit analysis. 5. The extent of the justification required for a proposal would be directly related to the severity of compromise expected, being low for grade O and very high for grade X. 6. The cost-benefit decision would be based on the balance between the expected severity of welfare compromise and the expected benefits set out in the justification. 7. The major advantage of this system for assessing the impact on welfare is that it encourages systematic consideration of all sources of possible compromise. Such wider consideration would allow more accurate assessment of the severity of impact and thereby would improve the validity and efficiency of cost-benefit analyses. 8. The philosophical background to our approach is outlined, graded examples of welfare compromise are given and ethical and practical implications of using the system are discussed. 9. We also set out what we consider to be the ethical and practical responsibilities of the researcher to the animals, and to his/her assistants. The conscientiousness and comprehensiveness of the assessments of welfare compromise and the actions taken to minimise it are measures of the researcher\u27s acceptance of ethical responsibility for all features of each experiment which affect the animals adversely

Estimates of genetic parameters of distal limb fracture and superficial digital flexor tendon injury in UK Thoroughbred racehorses

A retrospective cohort study of distal limb fracture and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury in Thoroughbred racehorses was conducted using health records generated by the British Horseracing Authority (BHA) between 2000 and 2010. After excluding records of horses that had both flat and jump racing starts, repeated records were reduced to a single binary record per horse (<i>n</i> = 66,507, 2982 sires), and the heritability of each condition was estimated using residual maximum likelihood (REML) with animal logistic regression models. Similarly, the heritability of each condition was estimated for the flat racing and jump racing populations separately. Bivariate mixed models were used to generate estimates of genetic correlations between SDFT injury and distal limb fracture. The heritability of distal limb fracture ranged from 0.21 to 0.37. The heritability of SDFT injury ranged from 0.31 to 0.34. SDFT injury and distal limb fracture were positively genetically correlated. These findings suggest that reductions in the risk of the conditions studied could be attempted using targeted breeding strategies

Pair Creation of Black Holes by Domain Walls

In this paper we study the production of pairs of neutral and charged black holes by domain walls, finding classical solutions and calculating their classical actions. We find that neutral black holes whose creation is mediated by Euclidean instantons must be produced mutually at rest with respect to one another, but for charged black holes a new type of instanton is possible in which after formation the two black holes accelerate away from one another. These new types of instantons are not possible in Einstein-Maxwell theory with a cosmological constant. We also find that the creation of non-orientable black hole solutions can be mediated by Euclidean instantons and that in addition if one is prepared to consider entirely Lorentzian no-boundary type contributions to the path integral then mutually accelerating pairs may be created even in the neutral case. Finally we consider the production of Kaluza-Klein monopoles both by a standard cosmological term and in the presence of a domain wall. We find that compactification is accompanied by the production of pairs of Kaluza-Klein monopoles.Comment: 22 pages (REVTeX with AMS Symbols) with 5 postscript figures attached in a single uuencoded, g-zipped, tar file at end of tex fil

The prevalences of Salmonella Genomic Island 1 variants in human and animal Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 are distinguishable using a Bayesian approach

Throughout the 1990s, there was an epidemic of multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in both animals and humans in Scotland. The use of antimicrobials in agriculture is often cited as a major source of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria of humans, suggesting that DT104 in animals and humans should demonstrate similar prevalences of resistance determinants. Until very recently, only the application of molecular methods would allow such a comparison and our understanding has been hindered by the fact that surveillance data are primarily phenotypic in nature. Here, using large scale surveillance datasets and a novel Bayesian approach, we infer and compare the prevalence of Salmonella Genomic Island 1 (SGI1), SGI1 variants, and resistance determinants independent of SGI1 in animal and human DT104 isolates from such phenotypic data. We demonstrate differences in the prevalences of SGI1, SGI1-B, SGI1-C, absence of SGI1, and tetracycline resistance determinants independent of SGI1 between these human and animal populations, a finding that challenges established tenets that DT104 in domestic animals and humans are from the same well-mixed microbial population

Gravitational quasinormal modes for Anti-de Sitter black holes

Quasinormal mode spectra for gravitational perturbations of black holes in four dimensional de Sitter and anti-de Sitter space are investigated. The anti-de Sitter case is relevant to the ADS-CFT correspondence in superstring theory. The ADS-CFT correspondence suggests a prefered set of boundary conditions.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures in ReVTe

Pair of accelerated black holes in a de Sitter background: the dS C-metric

Following the work of Kinnersley and Walker for flat spacetimes, we have analyzed the anti-de Sitter C-metric in a previous paper. In the de Sitter case, Podolsky and Griffiths have established that the de Sitter C-metric (dS C-metric) found by Plebanski and Demianski describes a pair of accelerated black holes in the dS background with the acceleration being provided (in addition to the cosmological constant) by a strut that pushes away the two black holes or, alternatively, by a string that pulls them. We extend their analysis mainly in four directions. First, we draw the Carter-Penrose diagrams of the massless uncharged dS C-metric, of the massive uncharged dS C-metric and of the massive charged dS C-metric. These diagrams allow us to clearly identify the presence of two dS black holes and to conclude that they cannot interact gravitationally. Second, we revisit the embedding of the dS C-metric in the 5D Minkowski spacetime and we represent the motion of the dS C-metric origin in the dS 4-hyperboloid as well as the localization of the strut. Third, we comment on the physical properties of the strut that connects the two black holes. Finally, we find the range of parameters that correspond to non-extreme black holes, extreme black holes, and naked particles.Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures (RevTeX4). Published version: references adde

Spatial Graphs with Local Knots

It is shown that for any locally knotted edge of a 3-connected graph in $S^3$, there is a ball that contains all of the local knots of that edge and is unique up to an isotopy setwise fixing the graph. This result is applied to the study of topological symmetry groups of graphs embedded in $S^3$.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures; in v. 2 the proof of Theorem 1 has been clarified, and other minor revisions have been mad

Nucleating Black Holes via Non-Orientable Instantons

We extend the analysis of black hole pair creation to include non- orientable instantons. We classify these instantons in terms of their fundamental symmetries and orientations. Many of these instantons admit the pin structure which corresponds to the fermions actually observed in nature, and so the natural objection that these manifolds do not admit spin structure may not be relevant. Furthermore, we analyse the thermodynamical properties of non-orientable black holes and find that in the non-extreme case, there are interesting modifications of the usual formulae for temperature and entropy.Comment: 27 pages LaTeX, minor typos are correcte

The structure of the extreme Schwarzschild-de Sitter space-time

The extreme Schwarzschild-de Sitter space-time is a spherically symmetric solution of Einstein's equations with a cosmological constant Lambda and mass parameter m>0 which is characterized by the condition that 9 Lambda m^2=1. The global structure of this space-time is here analyzed in detail. Conformal and embedding diagrams are constructed, and synchronous coordinates which are suitable for a discussion of the cosmic no-hair conjecture are presented. The permitted geodesic motions are also analyzed. By a careful investigation of the geodesics and the equations of geodesic deviation, it is shown that specific families of observers escape from falling into the singularity and approach nonsingular asymptotic regions which are represented by special "points" in the complete conformal diagram. The redshift of signals emitted by particles which fall into the singularity, as detected by those observers which escape, is also calculated.Comment: 19 pages, 10 figures, LaTeX, to appear in Gen. Rel. Gra