Investigation of cavitation and vapor shedding mechanisms in a Venturi nozzle

Cavitating flow dynamics are investigated in an axisymmetric converging-diverging Venturi nozzle. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results are compared with those from previous experiments. New analysis performed on the quantitative results from both data sets reveals a coherent trend and show that the simulations and experiments agree well. The CFD results have confirmed the interpretation of the high-speed images of the Venturi flow, which indicated there are two vapor shedding mechanisms that exist under different running conditions: re-entrant jet and condensation shock. Moreover, they provide further detail of the flow mechanisms that cannot be extracted from the experiments. For the first time with this cavitating Venturi nozzle, the re-entrant jet shedding mechanism is reliably achieved in CFD simulations. The condensation shock shedding mechanism is also confirmed, and details of the process are presented. These CFD results compare well with the experimental shadowgraphs, space-time plots and time-averaged reconstructe computed tomography (CT) slices of vapor fraction

Marrying Contested Approaches: Empowerment and the Imposition of International Principles: Domestic Violence Case Resolution in Indonesia

Resolution of domestic violence disputes in Indonesia illustrates the contradictions between two international development trends�-�the increasing recognition of women's rights as human rights, and the emergence of empowerment approaches to community development. Despite the focus of legal empowerment programmes on increasing women's autonomy and finding creative solutions to legal problems, there is increasing pressure on women victims of violence to use the state criminal justice system to resolve domestic violence justified by international human rights principles. This pressure impedes empowerment programmes and fails to appreciate the capacity of local communities to apply and adapt international principles to their local context.