Effects of the storage of decontamination reagents on the DNA decontamination efficacy of the undiluted reagents.

<p>Effects of the storage of decontamination reagents on the DNA decontamination efficacy of the undiluted reagents.</p

Evaluation of the nucleic acid decontamination efficacy by the surface test protocol.

<p>Evaluation of the nucleic acid decontamination efficacy by the surface test protocol.</p

Evaluation of the nucleic acid decontamination efficacy by the solution test protocol.

<p>Evaluation of the nucleic acid decontamination efficacy by the solution test protocol.</p

Oligonucleotide sequences and composition of primer-probe mixes used in this study.

<p>Oligonucleotide sequences and composition of primer-probe mixes used in this study.</p

Set of decontamination reagents applied in this study.

<p>Set of decontamination reagents applied in this study.</p

Complete Genome and Molecular Epidemiological Data Infer the Maintenance of Rabies among Kudu (<em>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</em>) in Namibia

<div><p>Rabies in kudu is unique to Namibia and two major peaks in the epizootic have occurred since it was first noted in 1977. Due to the large numbers of kudu that were affected, it was suspected that horizontal transmission of rabies occurs among kudu and that rabies was being maintained independently within the Namibian kudu population – separate from canid cycles, despite geographic overlap. In this study, it was our aim to show, through phylogenetic analyses, that rabies was being maintained independently within the Namibian kudu population. We also tested, through complete genome sequencing of four rabies virus isolates from jackal and kudu, whether specific mutations occurred in the virus genome due to host adaptation. We found the separate grouping of all rabies isolates from kudu to those of any other canid species in Namibia, suggesting that rabies was being maintained independently in kudu. Additionally, we noted several mutations unique to isolates from kudu, suggesting that these mutations may be due to the adaptation of rabies to a new host. In conclusion, we show clear evidence that rabies is being maintained independently in the Namibian kudu population – a unique phenomenon with ecological and economic impacts.</p> </div

Lyssavirus isolates used in comparative amino acid analyses.

*<p>Dog – <i>Canis familiaris</i>; Black-backed jackal – <i>Canis mesomelas</i>; Bat-eared fox – <i>Otocyon megalotis</i>; Human – <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i>; Cat – <i>Felis domesticus</i>; Slender mongoose - <i>Galerella sanguinea</i>; Water mongoose - <i>Atilax paludinossus</i>; Yellow mongoose - <i>Cynictis penicillata</i>; Silver-haired bat - <i>Lasionycteris noctivagans</i>; <i>Egyptian fruit bat – Rousettus aegyptiacus</i>; Wahlbergs Epauletted Fruit bat - <i>Epomophorus wahlbergi</i>; Straw-coloured fruit bat - <i>Eidolon helvum</i>.</p

Full genome RABV sequences from kudu and jackals constructed in this study.

#<p>Kudu – <i>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</i>; Jackal – <i>Canis mesomelas.</i></p

Brain samples from various species used in the phylogenetic analysis of partial RABV nucleoprotein gene sequences.

<p>NK - unknown information.</p>#<p>Kudu – <i>Tragelaphus strepsiceros</i>; Dog – <i>Canis familiaris</i>; Bat-eared fox – <i>Otocyon megalotis</i>; Jackal – <i>Canis mesomelas</i>; Eland – <i>Tragelaphus oryx</i>.</p

Complete genome phylogenetic analysis.

<p>Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree with 1000 bootstrap replicates, constructed using the Kimura 2-parameter model, of RABV full genomes sequenced in this study (bold branches) as well as RABV full genomes available on GenBank.</p