Graves’ disease as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-1-infected adolescent patient : A case report

Funding Information: Paediatric Endocrinology Department staff, Children's Clinical University Hospital; Outpatient Department of the Latvian Centre of Infectious Diseases; Rare Diseases Centre, Children's Clinical University Hospital. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The AuthorsIntroduction: Although Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in adolescents, it is very rare for it to result from the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor autoantibodies due to Graves' immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Especially for paediatric patients, very little is known about the aetiology and complete pathogenesis of Graves’ IRIS. Furthermore, details of a valid treatment plan are severely lacking. The case report presented here is only the third for paediatric patients worldwide. Case presentation: We report on a Caucasian female adolescent who initially presented with non-specific complaints about discomfort and tightness in the anterior part of the neck and thyroid enlargement. Based on clinical, laboratory and thyroid ultrasound findings, she was diagnosed with GD. However, after several months of outpatient treatment, the patient's GD could still not be fully managed with conservative therapy alone. Only when the patient was hospitalized for the third time was it discovered that she had previously been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection and had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the previous 29 months. Consequently, the production of autoantibodies to TSH receptors and abnormal changes in thyroid hormones had led to the development of GD and her final diagnosis was established as Graves' IRIS. Ultimately, a total thyroidectomy was performed. Discussion/conclusion: This case report demonstrates how fundamentally important it is to have full access to a patient's complete anamnesis and results of all previous investigations. Clinicians should be made aware of the potential existence of thyroid dysfunction and other autoimmune or infectious processes in paediatric patients initiating or reinitiating HAART. Further research is needed to optimize the treatment for such paediatric patients.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Expression of anti-inflammatory markers IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β1, βDEF-2, βDEF-3 and Cathelicidin LL37 in dairy cattle milk with different health status of the udder

Funding Information: The project is implemented under ERA-NET ICRAD (International Coordination of Research on Infectious Diseases) and co-financing by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI/10.13039/501100011033; PCI2020-120693-2), Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office, Polish National Centre for Research and Development, and Latvian State Education Development Agency. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 862605. Funding Information: We would like to express our gratitude to the farm owners, Mirosław and Janina Gontar, who take care of the animals and help to collect milk samples for performing our research, and as well as to our Laboratory Assistant Natālija Moroza, who prepared and processed milk smear samples for further analysis. The project is implemented under ERA-NET ICRAD (International Coordination of Research on Infectious Diseases) and co-financing by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI/10.13039/501100011033; PCI2020-120693-2), Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office, Polish National Centre for Research and Development, and Latvian State Education Development Agency. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 862605. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.Great economic losses to the dairy industry are associated with bovine mastitis, which results in poor milk quality and high treatment costs. Anti-inflammatory proteins play an important role in the suppression of the immune response against invading pathogenic microorganisms and are therefore being studied for possible use in the early diagnosis of mastitis. In our study, we used milk samples from 15 cows of Holstein Friesian breed with different health status (5 healthy, 5 subclinical, and 5 clinical animals), and tested them using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis to evaluate the presence of IL-2, IL-10, TGF-β1, βDEF-2, DEF-3, and Cathelicidin LL37 proteins. The calculation of positively and negatively stained cells for each biomarker was performed using the semiquantitative counting method. We found the presence of all factors with the exception of Cathelicidin LL37, which was almost absent in milk samples of all animal groups. The significant decrease of IL-10, β-def2, and β-def3 expression levels within the 3 days of sampling, found in the milk of animals with sub- and clinical mastitis, indicates the loss of antiinflammatory protection of the affected cow’s udder. In contrast, the stable increase of IL-2 and TGF-β1 positive cells observed in the milk of mastitis-affected cows, and the similar expression of these factors in the milk of healthy animals, indicate the possible lack of involvement of these cytokines at an early stage of udder inflammation.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Composition of mastitis causing microorganisms and cytokines in healthy cow’s milk : a pilot study

Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Anna Junga et al., published by Sciendo.The aim of this study was to examine clinically healthy cow’s udder milk microbiota and presence of cytokines in different seasons. Milk samples taken from the cows were checked for the presence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the somatic cell count was detected. Immunohistochemistry methods were performed to detect interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17a, â-defensin-3, transforming growth factor (TGF)-â1, interferon-ã and nuclear factor (NF)-êB presence in the milk. S. agalactiae, S. uberis, S. aureus, E. coli, and Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter spp. were found in healthy cow’s milk. In the first round, the highest prevalence was observed for S. aureus. In the second round, the highest mean levels were observed for S. uberis, then followed S. aureus. IL-4, IL-17a and TGF-â1 demonstrated the highest expression in the milk samples. NF-êB had the lowest expression among all factors. The presence of a rich bacterial microbiome (mostly S.aureus, S.uberis) in the milk of healthy animals, as well as changing bacterial species between in spring and autumn seasons occur as a result of both the immune state of the animal and many external factors, which consequently affects the amount of expressed cytokines.Peer reviewe

Identification of Inflammatory and Regulatory Cytokines IL-1α-, IL-4-, IL-6-, IL-12-, IL-13-, IL-17A-, TNF-α-, and IFN-γ-Producing Cells in the Milk of Dairy Cows with Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis

Funding Information: The project is implemented under ERA-NET ICRAD (International Coordination of Research on Infectious Diseases) and co-financing of Spanish State Research Agency, Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office, Polish National Centre for Research and Development, and Latvian State Education Development Agency. This project has received funding from the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 862605. Funding Information: Funding: The project is implemented under ERA-NET ICRAD (International Coordination of Research on Infectious Diseases) and co-financing of Spanish State Research Agency, Hungarian National Food Chain Safety Office, Polish National Centre for Research and Development, and Latvian State Education Development Agency. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 862605. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.In naturally occurring bovine mastitis, effects of infection depend on the host inflammatory response, including the effects of secreted cytokines. Knowledge about the inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in milk cells of free-stall barn dairy cows and in naturally occurring mastitis is lacking as most studies focus on induced mastitis. Hereby, the aim of the study was to determine inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in the milk of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. The following examinations of milk samples were performed: differential counting of somatic cells (SCC), bacteriological examination, and immunocytochemical analysis. Mean SCC increased in subclinical and clinical mastitis cases. The number of pathogenic mastitis-causing bacteria on plates increased in subclinical mastitis cases but decreased in clinical mastitis. The inflammatory and regulatory markers in the milk cells of healthy cows showed the highest mean cell numbers (%). In mastitis cases, immunoreactivity was more pronounced for IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF-, and IFN-y. Data about subclinical and clinical mastitis demonstrate inflammatory responses to intramammary infection driven by IL-1, IL-4, and IL-17A. Moreover, the host defense response in mastitis is characterized by continuation or resolution of initial inflammation. IL-12 and INF-immunoreactivity was recognized to differ mastitis cases from the relative health status.publishersversionPeer reviewe