Henry Melchior Muhlenberg and pietism: a case study

Connections with Halle, including letter from Muhlenberg to Baroness Wilhelmine Sophie von Munchhausen, February 20, 174

Knowing and Checking: An Epistemological Investigation

This book is primarily about checking and only derivatively about knowing. Checking is a very common concept for describing a subject’s epistemic goals and actions. Surprisingly, there has been no philosophical attention paid to the notion of checking. In Part I, I develop a sensitivity account of checking. To be more explicit, I analyze the internalist and externalist components of the epistemic action of checking which include the intentions of the checking subject and the necessary externalist features of the method used. Crucially, successfully checking whether p is true requires using a method that is sensitive with respect to p, i.e. a method that would not indicate that p, if p were false. In Part II, I use the distinction between knowing and checking to explain central puzzles about knowledge, particularly puzzles centering on knowledge closure, puzzles concerning bootstrapping and the skeptical puzzle. Moreover, the book clarifies a dispute about modal epistemology, concerning the application of the sensitivity principle. By arguing that sensitivity is necessary for checking but not knowing, I explain where our persisting intuitions about sensitivity have their place in epistemology

Epistemic luck and logical necessities: armchair luck revisited

Modal knowledge accounts like sensitivity or safety face a problem when it comes to knowing propositions that are necessarily true because the modal condition is always fulfilled no matter how random the belief forming method is. Pritchard models the anti-luck condition for knowledge in terms of the modal principle safety. Thus, his anti-luck epistemology faces the same problem when it comes to logical necessities. Any belief in a proposition that is necessarily true fulfills the anti-luck condition and, therefore, qualifies as knowledge. Miščević shares Pritchard’s take on epistemic luck and acknowledges the resulting problem. In his intriguing article “Armchair Luck: Apriority, Intellection and Epistemic Luck” Miščević suggests solving the problem by supplementing safety with a virtue theoretic condition-“agent stability”-which he also spells out in modal terms. I will argue that Miščević is on the right track when he suggests adding a virtue-theoretic component to the safety condition. However, it should not be specified modally but rather in terms of performances that manifest competences

Notebook of a Colonial Clergyman (Book Review)

Reviewed Title: Notebook of a Colonial Clergyman, by Henry Melchior Muhlenberg. Translated and edited by Theodore C. Tappert and John W. Doberstein. Fortress Press, Philadelphia, 1959, 1975, 245 pages

Analisa Debit Banjir Sungai Ranoyapo Di Desa Lindangan, Kec.tompaso Baru, Kab. Minahasa Selatan

Sungai Ranoyapo merupakan sungai terpanjang yang terdapat di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Dengan panjangnya sungai ini, sungai Ranoyapo melewati beberapa desa di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan. Salah satu desa yang dilewati adalah desa Lindangan, Kec.Tompaso Baru tepatnya melewati lahan pertanian yang ada sehingga masalah banjir di DAS sungai Ranoyapo di desa Lindangan Kec. Tompaso baru sangat merugikan petani yang ada dan sangat membahayakan masyarakat khususnya penduduk yang berprofesi sebagai petani. Perencanaan pengendalian banjir ataupun perencanaan teknik lain yang berhubungan dengan Sungai Ranoyapo di Desa Lindangan dapat dilakukan dengan baik apabila debit banjir rencana di sungai ini diketahui. Analisis debit banjir rencana menggunakan metode, HSS Gama I, HSS Snyder, HSS Nakayasu, Metode Melchior, Metode Weduwen, dan Metode Haspers. Nilai dari semua metode akan dibandingkan sehingga dapat diketahui metode mana yang dapat disarankan untuk dipakai dalam perencanaan pengendalian banjir. Dari hasil analisis dapat dilihat bahwa dari keenam metode yang ada memberikan hasil yang berbeda-beda, tetapi memberikan pola peningkatan debit yang hampir sama. Hasil perhitungan dapat dibedakan menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu HSS Nakayasu (ekstrim tinggi), HSS Snyder, Metode Weduwen dan Metode Haspers (moderat), HSS Gama I dan Metode Melchior (ekstrim rendah). Untuk itu direkomendasikan untuk menggunakan hasil perhitungan HSS Snyder

The Movie, a Synthetic Art

Non-fiction by Ross Lambert

An unbiased estimator for the ellipticity from image moments

An unbiased estimator for the ellipticity of an object in a noisy image is given in terms of the image moments. Three assumptions are made: i) the pixel noise is normally distributed, although with arbitrary covariance matrix, ii) the image moments are taken about a fixed centre, and iii) the point-spread function is known. The relevant combinations of image moments are then jointly normal and their covariance matrix can be computed. A particular estimator for the ratio of the means of jointly normal variates is constructed and used to provide the unbiased estimator for the ellipticity. Furthermore, an unbiased estimate of the covariance of the new estimator is also given.Comment: 4 pages, accepted by MNRASL; v2 contains explicit covariance matrix for moment