Overall and stratified analysis of risks of total subsequent primary cancers according to personal history of non-melanoma skin cancer in men and women.

a<p>RR adjusted for age (continuous variable).</p>b<p>Multivariate RR adjusted for age (continuous variable), BMI (<21, 21–23, 23–25, 25–27, 27–29, 29–31, >31), physical activity (quintiles), smoking status (never, past 1–14 cigarettes per day, past 15+ cigarettes per day, current 1–14 cigarettes per day, current 15+ cigarettes per day), multi-vitamin use (yes or no), UV-index of residence at birth, age 15, and age 30 (≤5, 6, ≥7), physical examination in the last 2 y (yes or no), and menopause status and hormone replacement therapy use in women (pre-menopause, post-menopause non-user, post-menopause past user, and post-menopause current user).</p>c<p>Statistically significant heterogeneity between groups, <i>p</i> = 0.046.</p><p>AR, age-standardized AR per 100,000 person-years.</p

Characteristics according to personal history of non-melanoma skin cancer in 1998.

a<p>Variables were age-standardized except for age.</p><p>SD, standard deviation.</p

Risks of subsequent primary cancers at different sites according to personal history of non-melanoma skin cancer in men and women.

<p>AR, age-standardized AR per 100,000 person-years.</p>a<p>RR adjusted for age (continuous variable).</p>b<p>Multivariate RR adjusted for age (continuous variable), BMI (<21, 21–23, 23–25, 25–27, 27–29, 29–31, >31), physical activity (quintiles), smoking status (never, past 1–14 cigarettes per day, past 15+ cigarettes per day, current 1–14 cigarettes per day, current 15+ cigarettes per day), multi-vitamin use (yes or no), UV-index of residence at birth, age 15, and age 30 (≤5, 6, ≥7), physical examination in the last 2 y (yes or no), and menopause status and hormone replacement therapy use in women (pre-menopause, post-menopause non-user, post-menopause past user, and post-menopause current user). For breast cancer, we additionally included in the multivariate model duration of hormone replacement therapy use (pre-menopause, dubious menopause, post menopause age <48 and never user, post menopause age <48 and past user, post menopause age <48 and current user <5 y, post menopause age <48 and current user ≥5 y, post menopause 484 kg, stable, gain 4–10 kg, gain 10–20 kg, gain 20–40 kg, gain >40 kg), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous, parity 1–2 and age at first birth <25, parity 1–2 and 2530, parity 3–4 and age at first birth <25, parity 3–4 and 2530, parity >5 and age at first birth <25, parity >5 and 2531), family history of prostate cancer (yes or no), red meat consumption (continuous variable), fruit and vegetable consumption (continuous variable), and history of prostate-specific antigen testing (yes or no, lagged by one period to avoid counting diagnostic prostate-specific antigen tests as screening; collected from 1994 onwards). For melanoma, the multivariate model additionally included childhood reaction to sun (some redness or none, burn, painful burn or blisters), severe sunburns (none, 1–2, 3–5, 6–9, ≥10), moles on the left arm (none, 1–2, 3–5, 6–9, ≥10), hair color (black, dark brown, light brown, blonde, red), family history of melanoma (yes or no), sun exposures at different age intervals (continuous variable), UV index of residence at birth, age 15, and age 30 (≤5, 6, ≥7).</p>c<p>Statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons, <i>p</i><0.0018.</p

Hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for total mortality and lethal prostate cancer among prostate cancer patients by quartiles of vitamin D metabolites, combining HPFS and PHS (N = 1822).

1<p>Crude mortality rate.</p>2<p>HR1: adjusted for age at diagnosis, body mass index, physical activity, and smoking; HR2: adjusted for age at diagnosis, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, and Gleason score; HR3: adjusted for age at diagnosis, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, Gleason score, and TNM stage; 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D were mutually adjusted.</p

Baseline Characteristics of 1822 men with prostate cancer according to Quartiles of Plasma 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)₂D, HPFS (1993) and PHS (1982).

1<p>ANOVA test.</p>2<p>Chi-square test. Individuals with missing values were excluded from test.</p

Multivariate-adjusted least-squares (LS) means of <i>z</i> score of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and relative LTL difference by categories of modifiable risk factors in women.

*<p>Model 1 was adjusted for age at blood draw and its quadratic term, postmenopausal status (yes, no), hormone replacement therapy (never, past, current), use of aspirin (<1 tablet/wk, 1–2 tablet/wk, 3–6 tablet/wk, 7–14 tablet/wk, 15+ tablet/wk), case-control status in each original studies (yes, no), and family history of myocardial infarction, diabetes, or cancer (yes, no).</p>†<p>Based on model 1, these modifiable risk factors were mutually adjusted for, i.e., we mutually controlled for smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, or current smoker), body mass index (<18.5 kg/m², 18.5–24.9 kg/m², 25.0–29.9 kg/m², or ≥30 kg/m²), moderate to vigorous physical activity (≥150 minutes/week, 60–149 minutes/week, <60 minutes/week, or 0 minutes/week), AHEI diet score (in quartiles), and alcohol use (≥2 drinks/day, 1 drink/week to <2 drinks/day, <1 drink/week, or non-user).</p>‡<p>% Difference measures the change of standardized LTL for each category in proportion to the standardized LTL of the reference category for each factor after multivariate adjustment.</p>¶<p>AHEI diet score summarized intakes of <i>trans</i> fat, polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio, ratio of chicken and fish to red meat, fruits, vegetables, soy, nuts, cereal fiber, and multivitamin use.</p

Multivariate-adjusted least-squares (LS) means of <i>z</i> score of leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and relative LTL difference by low vs. high risk groups for each modifiable risk factor in women.

*<p>Model 1 was adjusted for the same set of covariates in model 1, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038374#pone-0038374-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p>†<p>Based on model 1, these modifiable risk factors were mutually adjusted for, i.e., we mutually controlled for smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, or current smoker), body mass index (<18.5 kg/m², 18.5–24.9 kg/m², 25.0–29.9 kg/m², or ≥30 kg/m²), moderate to vigorous physical activity (≥150 minutes/week, 60–149 minutes/week, <60 minutes/week, or 0 minutes/week), AHEI diet score (in quartiles), and alcohol use (≥2 drinks/day, 1 drink/week to <2 drinks/day, <1 drink/week, or non-user).</p>‡<p>% Difference measures the change of standardized LTL for each category in proportion to the standardized LTL of the reference category for each factor after multivariate adjustment.</p>¶<p>AHEI diet score summarized intakes of <i>trans</i> fat, polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio, ratio of chicken and fish to red meat, fruits, vegetables, soy, nuts, cereal fiber, and multivitamin use.</p

LS means of leukocyte telomere length <i>z</i> scores by numbers of low-risk lifestyle practices.

<p>Least-square means were adjusted for the same set of covariates for model 1 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038374#pone-0038374-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Low-risk group for each lifestyle factor was defined as non-current smoking, moderate alcohol use (1 drink/week to <2 drinks/day), a healthy body weight (18.5 kg/m²≤BMI<25.0 kg/m²), exercising at moderate to vigorous intensity (≥150 minutes/week), or AHEI diet score in top two quartiles.</p

Baseline characteristics^* of the study participants in the current analysis in comparison with the rest of Nurses' Health Study participants, 1990.

<p>Abbreviations: NHS, the Nurses' Health Study; BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; AHEI, alternate healthy eating index.</p>*<p>Values were age-adjusted mean±SE for continuous variables or age-adjusted proportion for categorical variables, except age <i>per se</i>.</p>†<p>The same exclusion criteria were applied to the rest NHS participants. Therefore, this group was primarily consisted of participants who responded to 1990 FFQ.</p>‡<p>Excluded by two reasons, i.e., missing values of low-risk factors (83.2%) due to non-response to 1988 or 1990 follow-up questionnaires and development of prevalent chronic diseases at baseline (16.8%).</p>§<p>Assessed by 1988 questionnaire. Moderate physical activities included walking at a brisk (3.0–3.9 MPH) or very brisk (≥4.0 MPH) pace. Vigorous physical activities included jogging (≥10 min/mile), running (<10 min/mile), bicycling, lap swimming, tennis, and calisthenics/aerobics/aerobic dance/rowing machine. All other variables were assessed using the 1990 questionnaire, which was administered primarily during blood collection.</p

Effect of dietary strategies with or without physical activity on intramyocellular triacylglycerol over 18 months of intervention.

<p>Values in the Figure are means ± standard errors. Multivariate linear model adjusted for age, sex and visceral fat changes. *p<0.05, Mediterranean/ Low-carbohydrate diet with physical activity significantly increased intramyocellular triacylglycerol as compared to each of the other intervention groups. # p<0.05, paired t-test was used to test changes over time. LFPA-: Low fat diet non-physical activity; LFPA+: Low fat diet with physical activity; MED/LCPA-: Mediterranean/low-carbohydrate/ diet non-physical activity; MED/LCPA+: Mediterranean/low-carbohydrate/ diet with physical activity.</p