Organization of the macaque monkey intraparietal sulcus and inferior parietal lobule based on multimodal receptor architectonics

The macaque monkey intraparietal sulcus (ips) and inferior parietal lobe (IPL) constitute a structurally heterogeneous brain region. The number of areas it contains and the anatomical/functional relationship of identified subdivisions remains controversial. Use of in vitro receptor autoradiography to simultaneously map the distribution patterns of multiple receptor types provides valuable insights into both the structural and the functional segregation of the brain. Thus, we applied a multimodal approach including quantitative cytoarchitectonic and multi-receptor analyses to create a 3D map of the macaque ips and IPL. We identified 17 distinct cyto- and receptor architectonic subdivisions that are contained in the ips and its junction with the parieto-occipital and lunate sulci. This includes three newly defined areas: external and internal subdivisions (PEipe and PEipi) of PEip and a small area located on the medial bank dorsal to the previously defined area MIP, termed MIPd. Additionally, 6 areas were identified on the macaque IPL: areas Opt, PG, PFG and PF on the IPL convexity arranged in a caudo-rostral sequence, as well as areas PGop and PFop in the parietal operculum. The densities of the 15 analysed receptor types were quantified in each area and visualized as “receptor fingerprints”. Multivariate statistical analyses assessing the degree of (dis)similarity of the “receptor fingerprints” provided insights supporting a new functionally relevant organizational model of the macaque ips, consisting of 3 clusters: a posterior visual cluster, an intermediate multimodal cluster, and an anterior somatosensory cluster. The macaque IPL areas were segregated into two clusters: the caudal one contains areas involved in multisensory integration and visual-motor functions, and the rostral cluster encompasses areas active during motor planning and action-related functions. The ensuing articles, providing multimodal 3D map of the macaque ips and IPL, constitute a valuable resource for the analysis of functional experiments with non-human primates, and provide crucial data for modeling approaches with realistic synaptic dynamics

Architecture and connectivity of the human angular gyrus and of its homolog region in the macaque brain

The angular gyrus roughly corresponds to Brodmann’s area 39, which is a multimodal association brain region located in the posterior apex of the human inferior parietal lobe, at its interface with the temporal and occipital lobes. It encompasses two cyto- and receptor architectonically distinct areas: caudal PGp and rostral PGa. The macaque brain does not present an angular gyrus in the strict sense, and the establishment of homologies was further hindered by the fact that Brodmann defined a single cytoarchitectonic area covering the entire guenon inferior parietal lobule in the monkey brain, i.e. area 7. Latter architectonic studies revealed the existence of 6 architectonically distinct areas within macaque area 7, further connectivity and functional imaging studies supported the hypothesis that the most posterior of these macaque areas, namely Opt and PG, may constitute the homologs of human areas PGp and PGa, respectively. The present review provides an overview of the cyto-, myelo and receptor architecture of human areas PGp and PGa, as well as of their counterparts in the macaque brain, and summarizes current knowledge on the connectivity of these brain areas. Finally, the present study elaborates on the rationale behind the definition of these homologies and their importance in translational studies

Changes in ecosystem services and their tradeoffs and synergies in the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020

[Objective] The Yangtze River is an important ecological security barrier in China. Analyzing the spatial-temporal changes of ecosystem services and the driving force of land use change in the Yangtze River Basin is conducive to the coordinated development of ecology and economy in the region. [Methods] Based on remote sensing data from 2000 to 2020, the RUSLE model and the InVEST model were used to calculate the amount of soil retention, water yield, and carbon sequestration in the Yangtze River Basin. The Sen trend method and hotspot analysis method were used to analyze changes in ecosystem services. Partial correlation analysis was used to analyze the tradeoff-synergy relationships between services, and the reasons for change in ecosystem services were analyzed from the perspective of land use change. [Results] (1) From 2000 to 2020, the trends of change of average annual soil retention, water yield, and carbon sequestration in the basin were about 1.75 t/(hm2·a), -1.33×103 m3/(km2·a), and 1.62 gC/(m2·a). Except for water yield, which showed a decreasing trend in some areas, other services showed an increasing trend in most areas. The overall area of ecosystem services hotspots was expanded, especially those dominated by carbon sequestration and water yield services. (2) Soil retention and water yield were mainly in an insignificant tradeoff relationship, soil retention and carbon sequestration were mainly in a significant synergistic relationship, and carbon sequestration and water yield were mainly in an insignificant synergistic relationship. (3) The conversion from cropland to forestland had a greater impact on soil conservation services, the conversion from cropland to grassland had a greater impact on carbon sequestration services, and the conversion from grassland to cropland had a greater impact on water yield services. (4) Soil retention, water yield, and carbon sequestration services tended to be synergistic when cropland was converted to forest and grass areas, and tended to be tradeoff when the forest and grass areas were turned to cropland. [Conclusion] The ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Basin have improved in general. The increase in forest and grass area in land use change had a positive effect on the improvement of ecosystem services and the coordinated development between services. The game between land development and ecological protection has led to dynamic changes in ecosystem services. Considering the importance of regional economic development, it is necessary to balance development and protection, and achieve green and sustainable development

Neurotransmitter receptor densities per neuron across macaque cortex (v1.0)

Neurotransmitter receptors constitute key molecules in signal transduction, and the degree to which they modulate neural activity is dependent on the number of receptors expressed on the neuronal membrane. Receptors for classical neurotransmitters are heterogeneously distributed throughout the macaque monkey cerebral cortex, as are neuronal densities. We applied in vitro receptor autoradiography to quantify the densities of 14 different receptor types in 109 cytoarchitectonically identified areas located throughout the macaque cortex. We used previously published neuron density data ([Collins et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 107: 15927–15932, 2010](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010356107)) to estimate the receptor density per neuron in each area. This data can be used to build biologically informed neuronal computational models

3D cyto- and receptor architectonic map of macaque orbitofrontal area 11l (v1.0)

A multimodal analysis of the macaque prefrontal cortex was carried out to create a 3D atlas integrating and reconciling discrepancies between previously published maps. This project involved a quantitative and statistically testable approach to the analysis of cytoarchitecture in the macaque monkey frontal lobe, in combination with an in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiographic analysis of the regional and laminar distribution patterns of 14 different neurotransmitter receptors. The borders of the identified areas were traced onto a reference macaque monkey brain in stereotaxic space. We provide here for the first time a map of orbitofrontal area 11l of the macaque monkey brain integrating cyto- and receptor architectonic features in stereotaxic space. It constitutes a valuable resource for the analysis of functional experiments with non-human primates and provides crucial data for modeling approaches with realistic synaptic dynamics

3D cyto- and receptor architectonic map of macaque prefrontal area 9m (v1.0)

A multimodal analysis of the macaque prefrontal cortex was carried out to create a 3D atlas integrating and reconciling discrepancies between previously published maps. This project involved a quantitative and statistically testable approach to the analysis of cytoarchitecture in the macaque monkey frontal lobe, in combination with an in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiographic analysis of the regional and laminar distribution patterns of 14 different neurotransmitter receptors. The borders of the identified areas were traced onto a reference macaque monkey brain in stereotaxic space. We provide here for the first time a map of prefrontal area 9m of the macaque monkey brain integrating cyto- and receptor architectonic features in stereotaxic space. It constitutes a valuable resource for the analysis of functional experiments with non-human primates and provides crucial data for modeling approaches with realistic synaptic dynamics

3D cyto- and receptor architectonic map of macaque intraparietal sulcus area PEipi (v1.0)

A multimodal analysis of the macaque intraparietal sulcus was carried out to create a 3D atlas integrating and reconciling discrepancies between previously published maps. This project involved a quantitative and statistically testable approach to the analysis of cytoarchitecture in the macaque monkey parietal lobe, in combination with an in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiographic analysis of the regional and laminar distribution patterns of 15 different neurotransmitter receptors. The borders of the identified areas were traced onto the macaque stereotaxic space provided by the MEBRAINS and Yerkes 19 templates. We provide here for the first time a map of area PEipi of the macaque monkey brain integrating cyto- and receptor architectonic features in stereotaxic space. It constitutes a valuable resource for the analysis of functional experiments with non-human primates, and provides crucial data for modeling approaches with realistic synaptic dynamics

3D cyto- and receptor architectonic map of macaque intraparietal sulcus area LIPd (v1.0)

A multimodal analysis of the macaque intraparietal sulcus was carried out to create a 3D atlas integrating and reconciling discrepancies between previously published maps. This project involved a quantitative and statistically testable approach to the analysis of cytoarchitecture in the macaque monkey parietal lobe, in combination with an in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiographic analysis of the regional and laminar distribution patterns of 15 different neurotransmitter receptors. The borders of the identified areas were traced onto the macaque stereotaxic space provided by the MEBRAINS and Yerkes 19 templates. We provide here for the first time a map of area LIPd of the macaque monkey brain integrating cyto- and receptor architectonic features in stereotaxic space. It constitutes a valuable resource for the analysis of functional experiments with non-human primates, and provides crucial data for modeling approaches with realistic synaptic dynamics