12 research outputs found
Identifying the impact of intimate partner violence in humanitarian settings: Using an ecological framework to review 15 years of evidence
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive form of gender-based violence that exacerbates in humanitarian settings. This systematic review examined the myriad IPV impacts and the quality of existing evidence of IPV in humanitarian settings. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) procedures, a total of 51 articles were included from the 3924 screened. We identified the impact of IPV across two levels of the ecological framework: individual and microsystem. Our findings corroborated previous evidence that indicated IPV to be associated with adverse physical and mental health for survivors. Our findings also uniquely synthesized the intergenerational impact of IPV in humanitarian settings. However, findings highlighted a glaring gap in evidence examining the non-health impact of IPV for survivors in humanitarian settings and across levels of the ecological framework. Without enhanced research of women and girls and the violence they experience, humanitarian responses will continue to underachieve, and the needs of women and girls will continue to be relegated as secondary interests. Investment should prioritize addressing the range of both health and non-health impacts of IPV among individuals, families, and communities, as well as consider how the humanitarian environment influences these linkages
Perpetration of intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes: sex- and gender-disaggregated associations among adolescents and young adults in Nigeria.
BACKGROUND: The association between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimisation and poor mental health outcomes is well established. Less is known about the correlation between IPV perpetration and mental health, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Using data from the nationally representative Violence Against Children Survey, this analysis examines the association between IPV perpetration and mental health for male and female adolescents and young adults in Nigeria. METHODS: Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine associations between ever-perpetration of IPV and four self-reported mental health variables: severe sadness, feelings of worthlessness, suicide ideation, and alcohol use. Models were sex-disaggregated, controlled for age, marital status, and schooling, and tested with and without past exposure to violence. Standard errors were adjusted for sampling stratification and clustering. Observations were weighted to be representative of 13-24 year-olds in Nigeria. RESULTS: Males were nearly twice as likely as females to perpetrate IPV (9% v. 5%, respectively; P < 0.001), while odds of perpetration for both sexes were higher for those ever experiencing IPV (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.60 for males; aOR = 2.71 for females). Female perpetrators had 2.73 higher odds of reporting severe sadness (95% confidence interval CI = 1.44, 5.17; P = 0.002) and 2.72 times greater odds of reporting suicide ideation (1.28, 5.79; P = 0.010) than non-perpetrating females, even when controlling for past-year violence victimisation. In contrast, male perpetrators had 2.65 times greater odds of feeling worthless (1.09, 6.43; P = 0.031), and 2.36 times greater odds of reporting alcohol use in the last 30 days (1.50, 3.73; P < 0.001), as compared to non-perpetrating males. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents and young adults in Nigeria, IPV perpetration and negative mental health outcomes are associated but differ for males and females. Mindful of the cross-sectional nature of the data, it is possible that socially determined gender norms may shape the ways in which distress from IPV perpetration is understood and expressed. Additional research is needed to clarify these associations and inform violence prevention efforts
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The role of social support among urban migrants in Jordan and Kazakhstan
Through conceptualizing migration as a social process, this dissertation examines the role of social support among urban migrants. Existing research examining social support is often framed in North American or European contexts and ignores its connectivity with migration or mobility. There remains critical opportunity for research to examine how social support paradigms function in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) and from the perspective of urban migrants, including refugees and economic migrants. By expanding the frame of both migration and social support research, this dissertation endeavors to enrich the empirical knowledge surrounding the role of social support among urban migrants. To accomplish this, this dissertation examines the intersection of trauma, social support, and depression among two urban migrant populations. Through its integration of data from female Syrian refuges in Jordan and male economic migrants in Kazakhstan, this dissertation aims to describe social support, potentially traumatic events (PTEs), and depressive symptomology; identify the direct association of social support and depressive symptomology, and; examine the moderating role of social support on depressive symptomology related to PTEs. This dissertation is guided by the Push-Pull Theory, the Stress-Buffering Hypothesis, and van Brenda’s conceptualization of resilience. Findings from this dissertation suggest that social support plays a critical role, both directly and indirectly, in influencing outcomes of depressive symptomology. Findings have several implications for social support measurement and direct practice of mental health clinicians, as well as informing how community-based interventions and mental-health policies within LMICs can integrate social support within their resiliency frameworks
Associations between intimate partner violence and women’s labor market outcomes in Nigeria
Abstract Background Little is known regarding economic impacts of intimate partner violence (IPV) in humanitarian settings, especially the labor market burden. Examining costs of IPV beyond the health burden may provide new information to help with resource allocation for addressing IPV, including within conflict zones. This paper measures the incidence and prevalence of different types of IPV, the potential relationship between IPV and labor market activity, and estimating the cost of these IPV-associated labor market differentials. Methods The association between labor market outcomes, IPV experience, and conflict exposure among women ages 15–49 in Nigeria were studied using the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and 2013–17 Uppsala Conflict Data Program data. Descriptive analysis was used to identify patterns of IPV and labor outcomes by region. Based on this, multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between labor market participation and lifetime IPV exposure. These models were combined with earnings data from the United Nations Human Development Report 2021/2022 and a top-down costing approach to quantify the impacts in terms of lost productivity to the Nigerian economy. Results Substantial differences in IPV exposure and labor market outcomes were found between conflict and non-conflict-affected areas. Women with past year or lifetime exposure to physical, emotional, or “any” IPV were more likely to withdraw from the labor market in the past year, although no differences were found for sexual IPV or conflict-affected regions. We estimate an average reduction of 4.14% in the likelihood of working, resulting in nearly $3.0 billion USD of lost productivity, about 1% of Nigeria’s total economic output. Conclusions Increased odds of labor market withdraw were associated with several measures of IPV. Withdrawal from the formal labor market sector has a substantial associated economic cost for all of Nigerian society. If stronger prevention measures reduce the incidence of IPV against women in Nigeria, a substantial portion of lost economic costs likely could be reclaimed. These costs underscore the economic case, alongside the moral imperative, for stronger protections against IPV for girls and women in Nigeria
Improving psychosocial well-being and parenting practices among refugees in Uganda: Results of the journey of life effectiveness trial
Caregivers play a critical role in mediating the impacts of forced displacement on children; however, humanitarian programming remains hampered by a lack of evidence-based programming. We present findings from an evaluation of a group-based curriculum delivered over the course of 12 sessions, journey of life (JoL). A waitlist-control quasi-experimental design was implemented in the Kiryandongo refugee settlement (intervention n = 631, control n = 676). Caregiver mental distress, measured using the Kessler-6, was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included (a) functioning, (b) social support and (c) caregiving attitudes and behaviors. Propensity score matching (PSM) and Cohen’s d estimates were used to examine the intervention effects. According to our primary PSM analysis, JoL led to significant improvements in mental distress (coef.: 2.33; p < 0.001), social support (coef.: 1.45; p < 0.001), functioning (coef.: 2.64; p < 0.001), parental warmth/affection (coef.: 2.48; p < 0.001), parental undifferentiated rejection (coef.: 0.49; p < 0.001) and attitudes around violence against children (VAC) (coef.: 1.98; p < 0.001). Evidence from Cohen’s d analysis underscored the value of the intervention’s effect on parental warmth/affection (0.74), mental distress (0.70) and VAC attitudes (0.68). This trial adds to the evidence on holistic parenting programming to improve the mental health and parenting outcomes among refugee caregivers
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Mental health of clinic-attending Syrian refugee women in Jordan: associations between social ecological risks factors and mental health symptoms
Background
The mental health of refugee women is often affected by multiple risk factors in their social ecology. Assessing these risk factors is foundational in determining potential areas for intervention. We used the social ecological model to examine risk factors associated with self-reported mental health symptoms among clinic-attending Syrian refugee women in Jordan. We hypothesize that individual (older age, unmarried, have more children under 18, difficulty reading/writing with ease), interpersonal (intimate partner violence [IPV]), community and societal level risk factors (greater number of postmigration stressors), will be associated with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.
Methods
We surveyed 507 women using a cross-sectional clinic-based systematic sampling approach between April and November 2018. We used multivariable regressions to examine associations between different risk factors in the social ecology on depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Additional multivariable regressions explored associations between specific postmigration stressors and mental health conditions.
Results
We found rates of depression among our sample to be 62.92%; anxiety 57.46%; and PTSD 66.21%. Our hypothesis was partially supported. At the individual level, age was directly associated with anxiety (aOR 1.04, 95% CI [1.02, 1.06]) and PTSD (aOR 1.03, 95% CI [1.01, 1.06]), while marriage decreased odds for depression (aOR 0.41, 95% CI [0.19, 0.92]) and PTSD (aOR 0.36, 95% CI [0.15, 0.87]). IPV was associated with depression (aOR 2.78, 95% CI [1.72, 4.47]); anxiety (aOR 3.30, 95% CI [2.06, 5.27]); and PTSD (aOR 5.49, 95% CI [3.09, 9.76]). Each additional community and societal risk factor (postmigration stressor) increased the odds for depression (aOR 1.32, 95% CI [1.22, 1.42]), anxiety (aOR 1.28, 95% CI [1.19, 1.39]), and PTSD (aOR 1.46, 95% CI [1.33, 1.60]).
Conclusion
Understanding social ecological risk factors associated with mental health conditions of Syrian refugee women is vital to addressing their mental health needs. IPV and postmigration stressors are consistently impactful with all mental health conditions. IPV resulted in the largest odds increase for all mental health conditions. Multilevel interventions are needed to address mental health risk factors at multiple levels of the social ecology
Supplemental Material, TVA-17-030.R1_2018_supplementary_material_final_ - Global Posttrauma Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Literature
<p>Supplemental Material, TVA-17-030.R1_2018_supplementary_material_final_ for Global Posttrauma Symptoms: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Literature by Lynn Murphy Michalopoulos, Melissa Meinhart, Justina Yung, Samuel Monroe Barton, Xinyi Wang, Urmi Chakrabarti, Megan Ritchey, Emily Haroz, Nakita Joseph, Judith Bass, and Paul Bolton in Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</p
FAIR Vocabularies in Population Research: report of the IUSSP-CODATA Working Group on FAIR Vocabularies
This report describes the role of controlled vocabulariesin the documentation and dissemination of demographicdata in the light of the FAIR principles that all datashould be “Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, andReusable” by both humans and machines (Wilkinson etal., 2016). Population research is an empirically focusedfield with a long tradition of widely shared, easilyaccessible, data collections. The FAIR Principles pointto ways that this tradition can be enhanced by takingadvantage of emerging standards and technologies.Our work builds on the “Ten Simple Rules for makinga vocabulary FAIR” (Cox et al., 2021), prepared by agroup formed at a workshop convened by CODATA andDDI to describe how a FAIR vocabulary will work withinternational standards for documenting and sharingsocial science data.Controlled vocabularies play a central role in datasharing by associating data with concepts and bydefining which categories or codes may be applied.FAIR vocabularies specify globally accessible persistentidentifiers to distinguish data items that are the samefrom those that are different. Consider the most basicvariable in demographic analysis: age. The Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)has a list of 643 age categories, while the UN PopulationDivision copes with more than 1100 age groups. If themeanings of variables in a dataset are only availablethrough human-readable documentation, like a pdf,harmonizing data from two providers will remain atedious manual process. However, if the age categoriesare linked to persistent identifiers in machine actionablemetadata, software can be programmed to harmonizeage groupings. If these operations are performedacross dozens of variables in hundreds of data sources,enormous amounts of human time will be saved.Construction of the infrastructure for FAIR data hasbegun. Demographic concepts are already includedin vocabularies developed by other disciplines, likemedicine, with definitions that conflict with usage inpopulation research. Therefore, there is a need fora FAIR vocabulary of demographic conceptsendorsed by an authoritative institution in thefield of population science.IUSSP has a long history of working with the UNand other agencies to define demographic concepts(International Union for the Scientific Study ofPopulation, 1954; Vincent, 1953). Those efforts currentlyexist in electronic forms (Demopædia and Demovoc)that provide a base for a multilingual FAIR Vocabularyof Demography. We argue that a FAIR Vocabularyof Demography will have important benefits for thepopulation research community represented by IUSSP,and we conclude with recommendations for IUSSP andother important organizations.In addition to summarizing the activities of the WorkingGroup, this report is intended to serve as an introductionto the standards and infrastructure used to share socialscience data. Most demographers have never heard ofURIs, SDMX, or DDI, even though they use servicesfrom the UN, ILO, OECD, CESSDA, IPUMS, andother organizations that depend on these standards.Understanding key features of the international datainfrastructure will help IUSSP leadership to influenceits development