Das Bibliotheksverzeichnis

Das erste systematische Inventarverzeichnis der Bibliothek der Königlichen Akademie der Bildenden Künste München wurde 1822 erstellt. 14 Jahre nach der Neugründung 1808 umfasst es 269 Titel mit 535 Büchern

The effects of scales, flows and filters on property rights and collective action in watershed management:

Research and policy on property rights, collective action and watershed management requires good understanding of ecological and socio-political processes at different social-spatial scales. On-farm soil erosion is a plot or farm-level problem that can be mitigated through more secure property rights for individual farmers, while the sedimentation of streams and deterioration of water quality are larger-scale problems that may require more effective collective action and / or more secure property rights at the village or catchment scale. Differences in social-political contexts across nations and regions also shape property rights and collective action institutions. For example, circumstances in the Lake Victoria basin in East Africa require particular attention to collective action and property rights problems in specific “hot spot” areas where insecure tenure leads to overuse or under-investment. Circumstances in the uplands of Southeast Asia require analysis of the opportunities for negotiating more secure rights for farmers in exchange for stronger collective action by farmer groups for maintaining essential watershed functions.

CO2-CH4, and N2O Emissions From Oil Palm Plantation On Deep Peat as Affected by N Fertilization

Through drainage and nitrogen (N) fertilization, oil palm plantation on peatlands affect emission of the main greenhouse gases (GHG) - carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Oil palm plantations on peat can also remove CO2 from the atmosphere via photosynthesis, but the carbon not stored in the biomass or in the peat is returned back to the atmosphere as CO2. Anaerobic conditions typical for peat soils are highly favorable for the production of CH4 and N2O. This study investigated the short-term effect of N fertilization on CO2- CH4 and N2O emissions from a deep peat soil (~ 8 m) planted with young oil palms (1 year) at a density of 148 palm ha-1 in Bakrie Sumatera Plantation, Jambi. The measurements were conducted in September - October 2010 in an N fertilizer trial with 3 doses of N fertilizer: 0 g urea palm-1 (N0), 200 g urea palm-1 i.e. 14 kg N ha-1 (N1), and 400 g urea palm-1 i.e. 28 kg N ha-1 (N2). The fluxes of gas from the soil surface were measured by using the closed-chamber method. CO2 was analyzed using an Infra Red Gas Analyzer (IRGA) while N2O and CH4 were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results show a short-term increase in emissions of CO2 and CH4 following urea application. After 10 days the emissions were back to normal. The cumulative difference between N1 and N0 and between N2 and N0 was 0.9 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 and 1.4 Mg C-CO2 ha-1 respectively for CO2 emissions, 0.17 kg C-CH4 ha-1 and 0.25 kg C-CH4 ha-1 respectively for CH4 emissions. The same cumulative differences for N2O emissions were 2 and 8 kg N-N2O ha-1, respectively. N2O, CO2 and CH4 were 73, 27 and less than 1%, respectively of net greenhouse forcing due to a single N fertilization event

Rubber based agroforestry systems: Options for smallholders

Representing more than 80% of the total rubber areas, smallholder rubber plantations and its system, in Indonesia, are very unique in the world. The system, often referred to as "jungle rubber" is multi-strata in nature, and rubber is not the only crop harvested from the system but many other timber trees (usually through natural regeneration), fruit trees and annual crops are inter-cropped. These multi-strata systems have multiple functions - income source for many smallholder farmers, biodiversity and water conservation and carbon sequestration. Large efforts have been done by the Indonesian Government to improve the rubber productivity of traditional cultivation system by converting to more intensive monoculture systems. However, the rate of adoption of this technology is very slow considering the area of rubber in Indonesia. Taking into account the positive aspects of traditional rubber agroforestry ICRAF, CIRAD and IRRI worked jointly to develop and field test various improved Rubber Agroforestry System (RAS) that can provide smallholder farmers more appropriate alternatives to monoculture rubber. In all trials, recommended germplasm of rubber clones is used instead of conventional rubber seedlings. A network of trial-cumdemonstration RAS plots has been established in different provinces in Indonesia since mid nineties. The results from the wide network provided various adaptations; especially in terms of management intensity (weeding, fertilizer application) made by farmers and indicated feasible technology that farmers can benefit from. Rubber clones PB 260, RRIC 100 and BPM1 were compared with local seedlings in terms of plant growth. With lessons from earlier work, new demonstration plots of improved RAS have been established Aceh Barat District in NAD. (Résumé d'auteur

Measuring eco cities, comparing European and Asian experiences: Rotterdam versus Beijing

Many cities have taken initiatives to achieve more sustainable development or to become ecological cities. In this paper, ten dimensions are suggested for defining ecological cities and an effort has been made to provide indicators to measure them. Many cities claim to be ecological cities, but there are no non-ambiguous definitions of ecological cities and few efforts have been made to measure to what extent the cities have achieved their goal. This paper considers the efforts of Beijing and Rotterdam to become more eco cities, using these dimensions. What can we learn from these experiences for developing the city of the future? In an illustrative effort to apply the suggested criteria, Rotterdam scored slightly better than Beijing. The latter city is facing more serious environmental problems and is willing to try more innovative solutions, while Rotterdam spends more money on prevention and CO2 reduction

China as a net food importer: opportunity or threat for global food partnerships

Good health and food safety are important for Chinese people. The 1.5 billion Chinese wants to be sure that their food meets international quality standards. Business advice and know-how to upgrade national food industry is welcomed as well as innovative ways to avoid inflation because of increasing food prices. China as net food importer offers opportunities for European food industry. These opportunities will even become bigger because of the higher income and changing eating habits of the Chinese urban population will result in more demand for quality products

Public–private partnerships in basic service delivery: impact on the poor, examples from the water sector in India

What is the theory behind Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)? In this contribution PPPs are defined as private sector involvement, where a public and a private partner share the risks related to the necessary investments. Besides complementarity, the other factors contributing to the success of PPPs will be analysed. Evidence concerning India will be used to assess which factors played a role and to suggest a PPP dialogue in India, which would involve all stakeholders before actually embarking on PPPs for urban infrastructure projects such as drinking water and sanitation. It would help to do projects in such a way that they would also benefit the urban poor

Smart, Alan & Josephine Smart (eds). Petty capitalists and globalization: flexibility, entrepreneurship, and economic development

This book brings together a series of papers applying the petty capitalism concept to enterprises in developing countries and countries in transition. The editors define petty capitalists on page 3 as ‘individuals or households who employ a small number of workers but are themselves actively involved in the labor process’. More in line with the modes of production debate, they define petty capitalists on the following page as an intermediate category, bounded by petty producers and subsistence producers, on one side, and by real capitalists on the other. This implies that a decline in fortunes may result in proletarianization or improverishment, because petty capitalists become petty or subsistence producers

Climate change and farmers responses in rural china, lessons for Africa

How does China deal with the consequences of climate change and can we learn from that experience in Africa? Important external drivers in China such as rapid economic growth, urbanization, climate change and a growing awareness of environmental degradation have contributed to a shift in governance structures. The developments have contributed to a shift in governance structures. These developments have created enabling environment for famers to take more initiatives. Furthermore, the involvement of NGOs and CBOs in China and new opportunities for initiatives for farmers at the local level is coming up. An analysis of the multi-level governance structures in place shows the role of local government and governance structures and helps to assess to what extent the implementation of policies and programs is happening at the provincial or the local level. This research took place in the Lanchang River, where seasonal droughts have become more important recently