Temporal processing in autism spectrum disorder and developmental dyslexia : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Les individus ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) ou une dyslexie développementale (DD) semblent avoir des difficultés de traitement temporel. Ces difficultés peuvent avoir un impact sur des processus de haut-niveau, comme la communication, les compétences sociales, la lecture et l’écriture. La présente méta-analyse a examiné deux tests de traitement temporel afin de remplir les objectifs suivants: 1) déterminer si les difficultés de traitement temporel sont un trait commun au TSA et à la DD, et ce pour le traitement multisensoriel et unisensoriel, pour différentes modalités et types de stimuli, 2) d’évaluer la relation entre la sévérité clinique et le traitement temporel, et 3) d’examiner l’effet de l’âge sur le traitement temporel. Les résultats ont montré un déficit de traitement temporel dans le TSA et la DD, caractérisé de déficits multisensoriels chez ces deux populations, et de déficits unisensoriels auditifs, tactiles et visuels pour la DD. De plus, notre analyse de la sévérité clinique indique qu’un meilleur traitement temporel en DD est associé à de meilleures compétences en lecture. Enfin, les déficits de traitement temporel ne varient pas avec l’âge des individus TSA et DD, ils sont donc présents tout au long du développement et de la vie adulte. En conclusion, les résultats de la méta-analyse montrent que les difficultés de traitement temporel font partie du cadre clinique du TSA et de la DD et permettent d’émettre des recommandations pour de futures recherches et interventions.Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental dyslexia (DD) are commonly reported to have deficits in temporal processing. These deficits can impact higher-order processes, such as social communication, reading and writing. In this thesis, quantitative meta-analyses are used to examine two temporal processing tasks, with the following objectives: 1) determine whether temporal processing deficits are a consistent feature of ASD and DD across specific task contexts such as multisensory and unisensory processing, modality and stimulus type, 2) investigate the relationship between symptom severity and temporal processing, and 3) examine the effect of age on temporal processing deficits. The results provide strong evidence for impaired temporal processing in both ASD and DD, as measured by judgments of temporal order and simultaneity. Multisensory temporal processing was impaired for both ASD and DD, and unisensory auditory, tactile and visual processing was impaired in DD. Greater reading and spelling skills in DD were associated with greater temporal precision. Temporal deficits did not show changes with age in either disorder. In addition to more clearly defining temporal impairments in ASD and DD, the results highlight common and distinct patterns of temporal processing between these disorders. Deficits are discussed in relation to existing theoretical models, and recommendations are made for future research and interventions

Perceptions of provider awareness of traditional and cultural treatments among Indigenous people who use unregulated drugs in Vancouver, Canada

Abstract Introduction Indigenous people who use unregulated drugs (IPWUD) face significant barriers to care, including sparse availability of culturally safe health services. Integrating Indigenous traditional and cultural treatments (TCT) into health service delivery is one way to enhance culturally safe care. In a Canadian setting that implemented cultural safety reforms, we sought to examine the prevalence and correlates of client perceptions of primary care provider awareness of TCT among IPWUD. Methods Data were derived from two prospective cohort studies of PWUD in Vancouver, Canada between December 2017 and March 2020. A generalized linear mixed model with logit-link function was used to identify longitudinal factors associated with perceived provider awareness of TCT. Results Among a sample of 507 IPWUD who provided 1200 survey responses, a majority (n = 285, 56%) reported their primary care provider was aware of TCT. In multiple regression analyses, involvement in treatment decisions always (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6–7.8), involvement in treatment decisions most or some of the time (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI: 1.4–7.7), comfort with provider or clinic (AOR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5–5.0), and receiving care from a social support worker (AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0–2.1) were positively associated with provider awareness of TCT. Conclusion We found high levels of perceived provider awareness of TCT and other domains of culturally safe care within a cohort of urban IPWUD. However, targeted initiatives that advance culturally safe care are required to improve healthcare and health outcomes for IPWUD, who continue to bear a disproportionate burden of substance use harms