Structural adjustment programmes on the African continent : the theoretical foundations of IMF/World Bank reform policies

Since the early 1980s the majority of countries in sub-Saharan Africa embarked on the implementation of IMF/World Bank designed 'structural adjustment programmes' (SAPs). This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of the SAPs. It shows that IMF policies are based on a theoretical framework that goes back to J.J. Polak's analysis of 1957 which adopted a number of assumptions far removed from economic conditions on the African continent. Focusing on the demand side of the economy, the IMF has neglected another important cause of the financial imbalances in African economies, namely the loss of import capacity and the related reduction in output resulting from external shocks. Furthermore, the IMF policy underestimates the fragmentation of markets and the inflexibilities in African economies. The World Bank policies are based on the Revised Minimum Standard Model that can be traced back to the Harrod-Domar model of the 1940s. A serious shortcoming of the model is that foreign exchange flows are assumed to be fully and automatically used in a productive manner in the recipient country. Another critical shortcoming of the model is the absence of distributional concerns. [ASC Leiden abstract

The effects of import-substitution: the case of Kenya's manufacturing sector

This paper attempts to assess to what extent growth of the manufacturing sector in Kenya has contributed to a process of integrated and wide spread economic development. There are three sections. The first reviews the general arguments of development theory to promote industrial development in the Third World countries. The second section deals with the pros and cons of the 'import-substitution' policy, which was adopted to speed up growth of the manufacturing sector. The last section brings together relevant research findings concerning the effects of this policy on the structure of the manufacturing sector, employment creation, income distribution and the operations of multi-national firms in Kenya. The conclusion is that the type of industrialization that occurred has not led to 'a structural transformation' of the Kenyan economy. Growth in the manufacturing sector, although fast in terms of output, has been growth within existing types of industries. Few 'forwardand backward linkages' were developed and the impact of the policy on employment creation and income distribution can hardly be viewed favourably. Resources have been concentrated on a small part of the economy and to a large extent have neglected others, in particular agriculture. Multinational firms in Kenya have been a hindrance to the establishment of an integrated, balanced type of economic development. Import-substitution did not lessen Kenya's external dependency, but merely changed its nature. Consequently, the policy was not effective in alleviating the balance of payments difficulties

Nesting Success and Habitat Preference of the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) in Southwest Missouri

The Barn Owl (Tyto alba) is a cavity-dwelling species and has been known to inhabit both natural and artificial cavities, such as nest boxes. The Barn Owl has a global distribution and can be found as far north as British Columbia and as far south as South America. They have a stable population in the United States; however, although generally stable in the United States, Missouri populations have experienced recent declines, prompting their listing as a species of special concern. In order to assist conservation efforts, land cover needs to be assessed to determine where it is best to place nest boxes. This study sought to assess nesting success and whether land cover influenced the presence or absence of Barn Owls. Nine nest boxes at 8 locations were set up in and around Bois d\u27Arc Conservation Area, Bois d\u27Arc, Missouri. The boxes were monitored from February to October 2017. Using ArcGIS and aerial images obtained from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP), I cateforized the different land covers as: cropland, forest, grassland, hay, shrubland, water, urban, and barren. Though statistical analyses could not be performed due to small sample size, there were a few trends observed. Cropland was the dominant habitat category among all nest sites. Trends also suggests that Barn Owls prefer habitats with a range of 18.97-25.62% of forest, even when forest was available in a range of 9.81-49.52%. Of the 9 boxes, 4 hosted Barn Owl pairs. Clutch size varied from 5 to 8 eggs, but on average only 4 owlets fledged

Het bevolkingsvraagstuk in de economische groeitheorie

ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Maize marketing in Kenya, 1976-1996

ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Some economic interpretations of migration

Economists have long neglected changes in labour use in the different sectors. They were primarily interested in the 'most growth inducing production factors' of which capital formation was thought to be the most effective. However, the record of groving urban unemployment and growing imbalances in ruralurban income and job opportunities has forced economists to reconsider their rigid adjustment models of efficient allocation of the production factors between sectors leading to, in the end, equal seetoral marginal productivities. This paper provides a description of the changes in the approach and the interpretation of labour transfers between sectors and regions (which is in fact what labour migration is about) in economic development theory. Furthermore the A. determines whether these academic studies have led to a more effective migration policy as pursued by the governments of the underdeveloped countries.ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

The Kenya Coast in national perspective

Despite its economic and cultural potential, the Kenya Coast finds itself in a marginal position. This collective volume traces the causes behind this situation and analyses it from different angles: political, economic and social. Most of the papers included in this volume were first presented at a workshop in Mombasa in August 1996. Contributions: The Kenya Coast: a regional study, by Dick Foeken, Jan Hoorweg and R.A. Obudho; The Kenya Coast in national perspective, by Henk Meilink; Physical resources and infrastructure, by Dick Foeken; Marine resources, by Peninah Aloo; Current environmental problems, by Mwakio P. Tole; Population dynamics, by John Obwa Wakajummah; Urbanization, by R.A. Obudho; The peoples, by John Middleton; Colonial history, by Frederick Cooper; Contemporary politics, by Thomas P. Wolf; Religion and society, by David C. Sperling; Agriculture, by Henk Waaijenberg; Food marketing, by Tjalling Dijkstra; Industrialization, by Wafula S. Masai; Tourism, by Isaac Sindiga; Employment, by Gerrishon K. Ikiara; The educational marginalisation of coastal Kenya, by Thomas Owen Eisemon; Health and illness, by J. Ties Boerma and F. John Bennett; Food consumption and nutrition, by Wijnand Klaver and Robert Mwadime; Gender issues, by Winnie V. Mitullah; The experience with land settlement, by Jan Hoorweg; Housing, by G.C. Macoloo; Water resources, by George O. Krhoda; Dairy development, by Piet Leegwater and Jan Hoorweg; Port development: growth, competition and revitalization, by Brian Hoyle; Conclusion: culture, resources and development in the Kenya Coast, by Jan Hoorweg, Dick Foeken and R.A. Obudho.ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Afrika's penibele voedselsituatie

ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde