Some Aspects of the Relationship between the Freiburg School and the Austrian School

This paper is about some aspects of the interre-lationship of the Freiburg School and the Austrian School. The relationships between these schools will be discussed in the field of econo-mic theory and economic policy. No attention will be paid to the similarities and differen-ces in the field of social phi-loso-phy and methodo-lo-gy. For the Frei-burg School we will concentrate on W. Eucken, F.A. Hayek and W. Röpke. For the Austrian School the following writers will be contem-plated: L. Mises and F.A. Hayek. Also the connection to Schumpeter will be discussed. In the case of Hayek there is a perso-nal union. The paper consists of the following sections:+ Eucken and the Austrian School. + Röpke and the Austrian School.+ Some closing remarks. The five authors who have got our special attention in trying to say something on the relationships between the Freiburg and the Austri-an School took different positions in economic theory and economic policy. Schumpeter and Mises belong to the same generation of the Austrian School. Schumpeter studied the relations between socialism, capitalism and democracry but obstained from formu-lating ideas on a policy to influence the developments he prophetized. Mises staunchly defended libera-lism and attacked the cen-trally administered economy and interventionism. He questi-oned whether the renewal of libera-lism (by e.g. Eucken, Hayek and Röpke), for which the founda-ti-ons were laid by Cannan, Knight and himself would avoid interventi-onism (i.e. interfe-rences in the economic process by direct controls). Eucken, Hayek and Röpke were looking for possibilities to influence developments. In principle the disagreement between the fundamental position of Mises and this triumvira-te may bedescribed as follows. In contrast to Mises they thought that their diagnosis of the crisis of society had to be followed by showing a way out of that crisis by the programmes of active policy they formulated. The crisis accor-ding to them was so deep and severe that they felt themsel-ves obliged to do their utmost to turn the tide. For that reason they thought active policies were neces-sary, with avoidance of centrallyadmi-nis-tered econo-mies and the kind of interventionism which Mises in their opinion with convincing arguments warnedagai-nst.J.E.L.code: B29, B31, P10, P51Economics ;

Effect of NaCl on Asparagus Quality, Production and Mineral Leaching

Previous research has shown that the incidence of Fusarium oxysporum and F. redolens on asparagus roots was reduced by field applications of NaCl. F. oxysporum and F. redolens are important diseases in asparagus crops causing physiological rust (brown discoloration on the harvested spears), reduced yields, smaller spears, plant losses and may be implicated in asparagus decline. Since 2001 research has been carried out in Lelystad with asparagus plants grown in large wooden containers filled with a typical asparagus replant soil to study the effect of applications of Asparagus Salt (NaCl with addition of Mg) on asparagus quality, production and mineral leaching. In 2003 and 2004 the trial was harvested for a period of 35 days each year. In 2004 spears were graded into standard sizes to identify differences between treatments and to start with an economic evaluation. In both years Asparagus Salt had a positive effect on total yield, marketable yield and number of spears. Field applications of NaCl stimulated earliness in production. The higher loss of Mg due to leaching is compensated by adding Mg to the salt. In this experiment leaching of Mn was also studied in combination with adding Mn to Asparagus Salt

Effect of NaCl on Asparagus Quality, Production and Mineral Leaching

Previous research has shown that the incidence of Fusarium oxysporum and F. redolens on asparagus roots was reduced by field applications of NaCl. F. oxysporum and F. redolens are important diseases in asparagus crops causing physiological rust (brown discoloration on the harvested spears), reduced yields, smaller spears, plant losses and may be implicated in asparagus decline. Since 2001 research has been carried out in Lelystad with asparagus plants grown in large wooden containers filled with a typical asparagus replant soil to study the effect of applications of Asparagus Salt (NaCl with addition of Mg) on asparagus quality, production and mineral leaching. In 2003 and 2004 the trial was harvested for a period of 35 days each year. In 2004 spears were graded into standard sizes to identify differences between treatments and to start with an economic evaluation. In both years Asparagus Salt had a positive effect on total yield, marketable yield and number of spears. Field applications of NaCl stimulated earliness in production. The higher loss of Mg due to leaching is compensated by adding Mg to the salt. In this experiment leaching of Mn was also studied in combination with adding Mn to Asparagus Salt

The organization of transactions research with the Trust and Tracing Game

This paper presents empirical results of research on the influence of social aspects on the organization of transactions in the domain of chains and networks. The research method used was a gaming simulation called the Trust and Tracing game in which participants trade commodity goods with a hidden quality attribute. Previous sessions of this gaming simulation identified a list of variables for further investigation (Meijer et al., 2006). The use of gaming simulation as data gathering tool for quantitative research in supply chains and networks is a proof-of-principle. This paper shows results from 27 newly conducted sessions and previously unused data from 3 older sessions. Tests confirmed the use of network and market modes of organization. Pre-existing social relations influenced the course of the action in the sessions. Being socially embedded was not beneficial for the score on the performance indicators money and points. The hypothesized reduction in measurable transaction costs when there was high trust between the participants could not be found. Further analysis revealed that participants are able to suspect cheats in a session based on other factors than tracing. Testing hypotheses with data gathered in a gaming simulation proved feasible. Experiences with the methodology used are discusse

Fueling Incubation: Differential Use of Body Stores in Arctic and Temperate-breeding Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis)

We compared the use of body stores in breeding Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis) in traditional Arctic colonies in the Barents Sea with that in recently established temperate-zone breeding colonies in the Baltic Sea and North Sea by studying female body-mass loss and use of fat and protein stores during incubation. Average daily body-mass loss was almost identical in the 2 temperate-breeding populations (17.0 g and 16.5 g in Baltic Sea and North Sea, respectively), whereas Arctic-breeding females lost significantly less (10.6 g day-1). Temperate-breeding females initiated incubation with body mass 125 g higher than that of Arctic breeders, but at the end of incubation, body mass was similar among the 3 populations, averaging 1,458 g. Body-mass loss during incubation amounted to 23% (North Sea), 22% (Baltic Sea), and 15% (Barents Sea). Fat mass, as measured by isotope dilution in a subsample of females, was consistently higher in North Sea than in Barents Sea birds, but both populations showed similar rates of fat-mass loss (9.4 g day-1, on average). By contrast, loss of fat-free mass (assumed to represent wet protein) amounted to 9.3 g day-1 in North Sea birds but only 1.5 g day-1 in Barents Sea birds. Energy content of 1 g utilized body mass was 21.1 kJ (North Sea) and 34.9 kJ (Barents Sea), which equates to 376 kJ day-1 and 415 kJ day-1 drawn from stored energy, respectively. We suggest that differences in nest-attendance and post-incubation demands are responsible for the differential use of body stores in temperate- and Arctic-breeding Barnacle Geese.

Density profiles and surface tensions of polymers near colloidal surfaces

The surface tension of interacting polymers in a good solvent is calculated theoretically and by computer simulations for a planar wall geometry and for the insertion of a single colloidal hard-sphere. This is achieved for the planar wall and for the larger spheres by an adsorption method, and for smaller spheres by a direct insertion technique. Results for the dilute and semi-dilute regimes are compared to results for ideal polymers, the Asakura-Oosawa penetrable-sphere model, and to integral equations, scaling and renormalization group theories. The largest relative changes with density are found in the dilute regime, so that theories based on non-interacting polymers rapidly break down. A recently developed ``soft colloid'' approach to polymer-colloid mixtures is shown to correctly describe the one-body insertion free-energy and the related surface tension

Laser radiation pressure slowing of a molecular beam

There is substantial interest in producing samples of ultracold molecules for possible applications in quantum computation, quantum simulation of condensed matter systems, precision measurements, controlled chemistry, and high precision spectroscopy. A crucial step to obtaining large samples of ultracold, trapped molecules is developing a means to bridge the gap between typical molecular source velocities (~150-600 m/s) and velocities for which trap loading or confinement is possible (~5-20 m/s). Here we show deceleration of a beam of neutral strontium monofluoride (SrF) molecules using radiative force. Under certain conditions, the deceleration results in a substantial flux of molecules with velocities <50 m/s. The observed slowing, from ~140 m/s, corresponds to scattering ~10000 photons. We also observe longitudinal velocity compression under different conditions. Combined with molecular laser cooling techniques, this lays the groundwork to create slow and cold molecular beams suitable for trap loading.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures. Supplementary material updated