Table_1_Impact of free hypertension pharmacy program and social distancing policy on stroke: A longitudinal study.DOCX

BackgroundThe estimated lifetime risk of stroke was the highest in East Asia worldwide, especially in China. Antihypertensive therapy can significantly reduce stroke mortality. However, blood pressure control is poor. Medication adherence is a barrier as patients’ out-of-pocket costs have risen. We aimed to take advantage of a free hypertension pharmacy intervention and quantified the impact on stroke mortality.MethodsA free pharmaceutical intervention program was implemented in Deqing, Zhejiang province in April 2018. Another non-pharmaceutical intervention, social distancing due to the pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was also key to affecting stroke mortality. We retrospectively collected the routine surveillance data of stroke deaths from Huzhou Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control in 2013–2020 and obtained within-city mobility data from Baidu Migration in 2019–2020, then we quantified the effects of both pharmaceutical intervention and social distancing using Serfling regression model.ResultsCompared to the predicted number, the actual number of stroke deaths was significantly lower by 10% (95% CI, 6–15%; p ConclusionFree hypertension pharmacy program has great potential to prevent considerable stroke deaths. In the future, the free supply of low-cost, essential medications that target patients with hypertension at increased risk of stroke could be taken into account in formulating public health policies and guiding allocations of health care resources.</p

Presentation_1_Spinacetin Suppresses the Mast Cell Activation and Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis in Mouse Model.PDF

<p>We previously reported the anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic activities of the extract of the Inula japonica Thunb. Aiming for discovery of a novel anti-inflammatory compound, we isolated spinacetin from the extract and investigated its in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect and the related mechanism. Effect of spinacetin on the Syk signaling pathway was studied in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), and that on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was investigated in Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells and human mast cell line (HMC-1). The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was assessed with passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction assay. Spinacetin significantly inhibited the release of histamine, and production of inflammatory mediators such as leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) in IgE/Ag stimulated BMMCs. Analysis of the signaling pathways demonstrated that spinacetin inhibited activation of Syk, linker of activated T cells (LAT), phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂), MAPKs, Akt/NF-κB, and intracellular Ca²⁺ mobilization but with no effect on Fyn and Lyn. On the other hand, spinacetin suppressed IgE/Ag-induced activation of RBL-2H3 cells with inhibition against phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated-protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun-NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPKs, PLCγ, translocation of cPLA₂, and Akt/IκBα/NF-κB signal. However, spinacetin had no effect on PMA and A23187-induced activation of HMC-1. Furthermore, oral administration of spinacetin dose-dependently attenuated IgE/Ag-mediated PCA reaction in mouse model. Taken together, spinacetin showed the activities in preventing inflammatory processes, which might be at least partially attributed to the abolishment of Syk-dependent activation of IgE/Ag-mediated mast cells.</p

The Uptake of Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Programs in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>No systematic review of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) in China has been performed. We aimed to estimate the uptake of PMTCT programs services in China.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Wanfang (Chinese) to identify research studies. Only descriptive epidemiological studies were eligible for this study.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 57 eligible cross-section studies were finally included. We estimated that the mean HIV-positive rate of exposed infants was 4.4% (95% CI = 3.2–5.5), and more than 33% of exposed infants had not undergone HIV diagnostic testing. The percentage of initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-positive women was 71.0% (95% CI = 66.3–75.8), and that for initiating antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARP) in exposed infants was 78.3% (95% CI = 74.9–81.8); also, 31.3% (95% CI = 15.5–47.0) of women with HIV and < 1% of exposed infants received the combination of three antiretroviral drugs. There were bigger gap of uptake of PMTCT programs between income levels, and cities with a low income level had a higher percentage of initiating ART in HIV-positive women (80%) and ARP in exposed infants (85%) compared to cities with high-middle income (57% and 65%, respectively) (P<0.05).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This paper highlights the need to further scale up PMTCT services in China, especially in regions with the lowest coverage, so that more women can access and utilize them. However, some estimated outcome should be interpreted with caution due to the high level of heterogeneity and the small number of studies.</p></div

Solution-Processed Graphite Membrane from Reassembled Graphene Oxide

A new synthesis route of a solution-processed highly conductive self-standing graphite membrane from reassembled graphene oxide (GO) has become one of the intensive research focus, because of its immense application opportunities. Previously demonstrated techniques were limited by the unstable reduced graphene oxide (RGO) dispersion and agglomeration during chemical reduction without any surfactant. This results in poor packing morphology and low electrical conductivity of the RGO membrane. Here, we report a novel synthesis route of a highly concentrated RGO solution from exfoliated GO, which results highly conductive and self-standing RGO membrane without using any binders or organic solvents. Our low-temperature reduction method is significantly different from previous investigations in which controlling the reduction rate by lowering the reduction temperature of the GO solution and collision probability was the key factor in preventing random agglomeration. Further high-temperature reduction of the RGO membrane gave rise to a reassembled graphite structure containing negligible oxygen content (O 1s/C 1s = 0.005), and high electrical conductivity (up to 1.6 × 10⁵ S/m) without disintegration of its self-standing feature. This result is better than any previously reported value. Developed RGO membrane could be mass-produced for various flexible device applications. The in-plane alignment and through-thickness consolidation of GO and RGO membranes using vacuum-filtration and thermal treatment successfully ensured the synthesis of highly conductive, mechanically robust RGO and graphite membranes

Adaptable Silicon–Carbon Nanocables Sandwiched between Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets as Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

Silicon has been touted as one of the most promising anode materials for next generation lithium ion batteries. Yet, how to build energetic silicon-based electrode architectures by addressing the structural and interfacial stability issues facing silicon anodes still remains a big challenge. Here, we develop a novel kind of self-supporting binder-free silicon-based anodes <i>via</i> the encapsulation of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with dual adaptable apparels (overlapped graphene (G) sheaths and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) overcoats). In the resulted architecture (namely, SiNW@G@RGO), the overlapped graphene sheets, as adaptable but sealed sheaths, prevent the direct exposure of encapsulated silicon to the electrolyte and enable the structural and interfacial stabilization of silicon nanowires. Meanwhile, the flexible and conductive RGO overcoats accommodate the volume change of embedded SiNW@G nanocables and thus maintain the structural and electrical integrity of the SiNW@G@RGO. As a result, the SiNW@G@RGO electrodes exhibit high reversible specific capacity of 1600 mAh g^–1 at 2.1 A g^–1, 80% capacity retention after 100 cycles, and superior rate capability (500 mAh g^–1 at 8.4 A g^–1) on the basis of the total electrode weight

<i>IL-18</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice are susceptible to MHV-3-mediated hepatitis.

<p><i>IL-18</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice and their C57BL/6 WT littermates were treated with MHV-3 (100PFU). <b>(A)</b> Peritoneal exudative macrophages (PEMs) and liver tissues were isolated from C57BL/6 WT mice, and the transcription of <i>proIL-18</i> mRNA was measured by qPCR. *<i>p</i> < 0.05. <b>(B)</b> Serum IL-18 levels in virus-infected WT mice at the indicated time points were measured by ELISA. **<i>p</i> < 0.001, n = 5~8 <i>per</i> group, NS: no significant difference. <b>(C)</b> RAW264.7 cells and SVE-10 endothelial cells were treated with IFN-γ (50 ng/ml), TNF-α (100 ng/ml) and IL-18 (20 ng/ml) alone or in combination, and <i>fgl2</i> mRNA transcription was detected by qPCR at 24h. *<i>p</i> < 0.05, NS: no significant difference. <b>(D)</b> The expression of FGL2 in MHV-3 infected livers was compared by western-blotting. Three representative samples <i>per</i> group are shown. <b>(E)</b> Liver fibrinogen deposition was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, architecture was detected by H&E staining, and cell apoptosis by TUNEL staining. Scale bar 20 μm, arrows indicates TUNEL-positive cells, blue color indicates nuclear staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), n = 5 <i>per</i> group. <b>(F)</b> Liver expression of Bgp1 was detected by western-blot (up) and the virus titers in livers at 72h post-infection were analyzed by plaque assay, and their levels were compared by statistical analysis (down). *<i>p</i><0.05, n = 5 <i>per</i> group. <b>(G)</b> The survival rate of virus-infected mice was monitored for 20 days. One of three experiments with similar results is shown. NS: no significant difference.</p

Enhanced ROS in macrophages following MHV-3 infection.

<p>PEMs and RAW264.7 cells were infected with MHV-3 (MOI = 1) <i>in vitro</i>, the NOX-derived ROS (DCFH), mitochondrial damage (stained with MitoTracker Red FM/MitoTracker Green FM) and the secretion of mitochondrial ROS (MitoSOX) were detected by flow cytometry <b>(A).</b> The gate strategies were similar to <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005155#ppat.1005155.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1D</a>, and number indicates the percentage of positive cells in the gate. One of three experiments with similar results was shown. <b>(B)</b> The expression of NADPH oxidase subunits including gp91^phox, p47^phox and p67^phox and NOX-4 in virus infected Raw264.7 cells was measured by western-blot. <b>(C)</b> Transmission electron microscopy analysis of mitochondrial morphology in virus infected cells. Arrows indicate the damaged mitochondria, whereas arrow heads indicate the normal mitochondria. (<b>D</b>) RAW264.7 cells were infected with MHV-3 for a total 24h, and cells were incubated with different doses of DPI in the last 4h. The secretion of DCFH and MitoSOX was measured by flow cytometry. Data were normalized to the increase in fluorescence of the MHV-3 infected alone sample without DPI treatment for each experiment (n = 3 independent experiments). <b>(E)</b> The expression of Caspase-1 p20 and IL-1β p17 in DPI treated RAW264.7 cells as well as PEMs was detected by western-blotting. One representative of three experiments with similar results is shown.</p

Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.

<p>Note</p><p># The primary outcomes for pregnant women were the following: (1) HIV-positive rate; (2) underwent voluntary HIV-counseling; (3) underwent voluntary HIV-testing; (4) initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART); (5) selecting termination of pregnancy; (6) elective cesarean section; and (7) artificialfeeding. The primary outcomes for children were the following: (8) HIV-positive rate (9) HIV diagnosis of the exposed infants between 12 and 18 months by PCR or antibody test; and (10) initiating ARP in exposed infants.</p><p>& Quality score assessed by Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)</p><p>$Income level is divided to high income (>10915), high-middle income (6892–9961), low-middle income, low income (<5520) according to GDP (in$US per head)</p><p>Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.</p

MHV-3 fails to induce FGL2 production and neutrophil infiltration in the livers of <i>IL-1R1</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice.

<p><i>IL-1R1</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice and their C57BL/6 WT littermates were infected with MHV-3 (100 PFU). <b>(A)</b> Peritoneal exudative macrophages (PEMs) were isolated and the expression of FGL2 was detected by western-blotting. <b>(B)</b> The expression of FGL2 in liver at 48h and 72h post-infection was analyzed by western-blotting. Four representative samples <i>per</i> group are shown. <b>(C)</b> Serum FGL2 levels in virus infected mice were measured by ELISA.*<i>p</i><0.05 and **<i>p</i><0.0001, NS: no significant difference, n = 5 <i>per</i> group. <b>(D)</b> The liver fibrinogen deposition post-infection was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Scale bar 20 μm, n = 6~8 <i>per</i> group. <b>(E)</b> Liver recruitment of CD45⁺Gr-1^high neutrophils after MHV-3 infection was measured by flow cytometry. The left panels are gate strategies, and number indicates the percentage of positive cells in the gate. One representative sample from five mice <i>per</i> group is showed. <b>(F)</b> Statistical analysis of liver CD45⁺Gr-1^high neutrophil infiltration. *<i>p</i><0.05 compared to WT littermates in each group, n = 5 <i>per</i> group.</p

Meta-Analyses of Uptake of Prevention of Mother-to-Child-Transmission (PMTCT) in China.

<p>ART = antiretroviral therapy; ARP = antiretroviral prophylaxis; ES refer to rate /percentage.</p