Phylogeographic analyses of an epiphytic foliose lichen show multiple dispersal events westward from the Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan into the Himalayas.

Lobaria pindarensis is an endemic species of the Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains. Little information is available on the phylogeography genetics and colonization history of this species or how its distribution patterns changed in response to the orographic history of the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains. Based on samples covering a major part of the species' distribution range, we used 443 newly generated sequences of nine loci for molecular coalescent analyses in order to reconstruct the evolutionary history of L. pindarensis, and to reconstruct the species' ancestral phylogeographic distributions using Bayesian binary MCMC analyses. The results suggest that current populations originated from the Yunnan region of the Hengduan Mountains in the middle Pliocene, and that the Himalayas of Bhutan were colonized by a lineage that diverged from Yunnan ca. 2.72 Ma. The analysis additionally indicates that the Nepal and Xizang areas of the Himalayas were colonized from Yunnan as well, and that there was later a second dispersal event from Yunnan to Bhutan. We conclude that the change in climate and habitat related to the continuous uplift of the Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains in the late Pliocene and middle Pleistocene influenced the geographic distribution pattern of L. pindarensis

Analysis on the Risk and Supervision of P2P Online Financing Platforms in China

Microcredit is a vital breakthrough to solve the financial problems of low-income groups and small and medium-sized enterprises, while traditional microfinance providers can only meet a small proportion of their capital needs. By using internet technology, P2P online financing extends the innovative development of microcredit with the aim of solving traditional micro-credit problems. This paper mainly explores the existing online financing operation model of P2P in China, and summarizes the relevant problems, such as low entry barriers for P2P online financing enterprises and lack of supervision, Lack of verification on the qualification of borrowers and poor management of the platform, imperfect information revealed or providing false information by platform, etc. Finally, the article put forward some suggestions concerning the healthy development for the P2P online financing platform, including the establishing entry audit system and strengthening the supervision of the P2P platform, strengthening the management of borrowers and improving the credit collection system, and strengthening the disclosure of information by platform

Investigation of a Quantitative Method for the Analysis of Chiral Monoterpenes in White Wine by HS- SPME-MDGC-MS of Different Wine Matrices

A valid quantitative method for the analysis of chiral monoterpenes in white wine using head-space solid phase micro-extraction-MDGC-MS (HS-SPME-MDGC-MS) with stable isotope dilution analysis was established. Fifteen compounds: (S)-(−)-limonene, (R)-(+)-limonene, (+)-(2R,4S)-cis-rose oxide, (−)-(2S,4R)-cis-rose oxide, (−)-(2R,4R)-trans-rose oxide, (+)-(2S,4S)-cis-rose oxide, furanoid (+)-trans-linalool oxide, furanoid (−)-cis-linalool oxide, furanoid (−)-trans-linalool oxide, furanoid (+)-cis-linalool oxide, (−)-linalool, (+)-linalool, (−)-α-terpineol, (+)-α-terpineol and (R)-(+)-β-citronellol were quantified. Two calibration curves were plotted for different wine bases, with varying residual sugar content, and three calibration curves for each wine base were investigated during a single fiber’s lifetime. This was needed as both sugar content and fiber life impacted the quantification of the chiral terpenes. The chiral monoterpene content of six Pinot Gris wines and six Riesling wines was then analyzed using the verified method. ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparisons showed significant differences for each of the detected chiral compounds in all 12 wines. PCA score plots showed a clear separation between the Riesling and Pinot Gris wines. Riesling wines had greater number of chiral terpenes in comparison to Pinot Gris wines. Beyond total terpene content it is possible that the differences in chiral terpene content may be driving the aromatic differences in white wines.Keywords: Pinot Gris, MDGC-MS, monoterpenes, Riesling, chiralKeywords: Pinot Gris, MDGC-MS, monoterpenes, Riesling, chira

Photodynamic therapy combined with the Sanqi Panax Notoginseng for patients with age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization

AIM: To investigate the clinical effect of photodynamic therapy(PDT)combined with Traditional Chinese medicine Sanqi Panax Notoginseng therapy for age-related macular degeneration(AMD)and choroidal neovascularization(CNV). <p>METHODS: Seventeen patients(17 eyes)with AMD and CNV were diagnosed by visual acuity, ocular pressure, fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA), idocyanine green angiography(ICGA)and optic coherence tomography(OCT), and male 7 cases, female 10 cases, age 53-72 years old. PDT was performed using the recommended standard procedure. The patients were treated with PDT for 5 days, and Sanqi Panax Notoginseng 500mg injection by intravenous drip for 10 days, once a day, 15 days as one course. One month, 3, 6 months of follow-up after treatment. <p>RESULTS: Of 17 patients after 6 months treatment, visual acuity improved in 8 cases(47%, 8/17), remained stable in 6 cases(35%), and decreased in 3 cases(18%); and 12 cases(71%)with CNV closure and leakage stopped completely, 5 cases(29%)with most of the CNV's closure, 1 patient experienced blurred vision. <p>CONCLUSION: The results show that PDT combined with traditional Chinese medicine Sanqi Panax Notoginseng in treatment of ADM-CNV is simple and has reliable effect, it can be used in clinical application

2,2′-(p-Phenyl­ene)bis­(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium) bis­(3-nitro­benzoate)

In the title compound, C12H16N4 +·2C7H4NO4 −, the complete 2,2′-(p-phenyl­ene)bis­(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-3-ium) (bib) dication is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The bib cations reside on crystallographic inversion centers, which coincide with the centroids of the respective benzene rings. In the cation, the imidazole ring adopts an envelop conformation with the flap atom displaced by 0.082 (3) Å from the plane through the other ring atoms. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked through inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains running along the a axis. C—H⋯O inter­actions also occur. Weak π–π contacts between the imidazole rings of bib and between the benzene rings of NB [centroid–centroid distances = 3.501 (1) and 3.281 (2) Å, respectively] may further stabilize the structure

Ethyl 2-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl­amino)-4-sulfanyl­idene-3H,11H-pyrimido[1,6-c]quinazoline-1-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C18H22N4O2S, contains a substituted pyrimidine ring fused to both a benzene ring and a substituted thioxopyrimidine ring. The pyrimidine and thioxopyrimidine rings adopt distorted chair conformations. In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯S and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to generate centrosymmetric R 2 2(8) and R 2 2(16) loops, respectively. This combination leads to [100] chains of mol­ecules