Region of different gray matter volume between individuals with and without childhood trauma.

<p>Decreased gray matter volume was detected in the right middle cingulate gyrus (Brodman area 24, <i>x</i> = 6, <i>y</i> = −6, <i>z</i> = 39, <i>cluster size</i>  = 303, <i>z score</i>  = 4.25, <i>p_uncorrected</i><0.001, <i>p_{FDR corrected}</i>  = 0.047,) in subjects with childhood trauma. The right middle cingulate gyrus is shown in blue.</p

Changes in cortisol awakening response (CAR) across the experimental groups.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Independent two sample <i>t</i> tests revealed that significant differences of salivary cortisol levels were found between two groups at 30 (<i>t</i> = 2.389, <i>p</i> = 0.021) and 45 min (<i>t</i> = 2.565, <i>p</i> = 0.014) after awakening. Significant increases of cortisol levels were observed in subjects with childhood trauma experiences at those two time points. (<b>B</b>) The CAR area-under-the-curve to ground (AUCg) was significantly differed between two groups (<i>t</i> = 2.335, <i>p</i> = 0.024). Consistent with cortisol levels at 30 and 45 min, subjects who had self-reported childhood trauma showed higher levels of CAR AUCg. (<b>C</b>) With respect to the CAR area-under-the-curve increase (AUCi), significant difference was found as well (<i>t</i> = 2.532, <i>p</i> = 0.016). *Comparison with non-CT group, <i>p</i> <0.05. CT, childhood trauma.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of all subjects (n = 48).

<p>BMI, body mass index; CT, childhood trauma; CTQ, childhood trauma questionnaire; SAS, self-rating anxiety scale; SD, standard deviation; SDS, self-rating depression scale.</p>**<p><i>p</i><0.01.</p

Region of decreased gray matter volume in subjects with childhood trauma correlated to CAR AUCg.

<p>AUCg, area-under-the-curve to ground; BA, Brodman area; CAR, cortisol awakening response; FDR, false discovery rate.</p

The diagnosis-by-maltreatment interaction effect in the left thalamus.

<p>Left: Statistical parametric map depicting interaction effect in the left thalamus (<i>p</i> < 0.05, FWE corrected). Color scales represent F-values. Right: The interaction graph showing left thalamic gray matter volume differences between the groups, in which adolescent GAD patients with childhood maltreatment have more gray matter volumes in the left thalamus than those without childhood maltreatment and both HCs. GAD, generalized anxiety disorder, HCs, healthy controls, CM, childhood maltreatment, WCM, without childhood maltreatment.</p

Demographic, Questionnaire data of adolescent GAD patients and healthy controls.

<p>Means and standard deviations (±) are given.</p><p>GAD, generalized anxiety disorder; HCs, healthy controls; CTQ, childhood trauma questionnaire; BDI, the Beck Depression Inventory; PSWQ, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire; CM, childhood maltreatment; WCM, without childhood maltreatment.</p

Increased right putaminal gray matter volume in adolescent GAD patients compared to healthy controls (<i>p</i> < 0.05, FWE corrected).

<p>Color scales represent t-values.</p

Statistical parametric map depicting the positive association between childhood maltreatment (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ] scores) and left thalamic gray matter volume (mean contrast values) in GAD patients (<i>p</i> < 0.05, FWE corrected).

<p>Color scales represent t-values.</p