Sympathy and Punishment: Evolution of Cooperation in Public Goods Game

An important way to maintain human cooperation is punishing defection. However, since punishment is costly, how can it arise and evolve given that individuals who contribute but do not punish fare better than the punishers? This leads to a violation of causality, since the evolution of punishment is prior to the one of cooperation behaviour in evolutionary dynamics. Our public goods game computer simulations based on generalized Moran Process, show that, if there exists a \'behaviour-based sympathy\' that compensates those who punish at a personal cost, the way for the emergence and establishment of punishing behaviour is paved. In this way, the causality violation dissipates. Among humans sympathy can be expressed in many ways such as care, praise, solace, ethical support, admiration, and sometimes even adoration; in our computer simulations, we use a small amount of transfer payment to express \'behaviour-based sympathy\'. Our conclusions indicate that, there exists co-evolution of sympathy, punishment and cooperation. According to classical philosophy literature, sympathy is a key factor in morality and justice is embodied by punishment; in modern societies, both the moral norms and the judicial system, the representations of sympathy and punishment, play an essential role in stable social cooperation.Public Goods Game, Cooperation, Social Dilemma, Co-Evolution, Sympathy, Punishment

Light anti-nuclei production in pp collisions at s\sqrt{s}=7 and 14 TeV

A dynamically constrained coalescence model based on the phase space quantization and classical limit method was proposed to investigate the production of light nuclei (anti-nuclei) in non-single diffractive (NSD) pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=7 and 14 TeV. This calculation was based on the final hadronic state in the PYTHIA and PACIAE model simulations, the event sample consisted of 1.2$\times 10^8$ events in both simulations. The PACIAE model calculated $\bar D$ yield of 6.247$\times 10^{-5}$ in NSD pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=7 TeV is well comparing with the ALICE rough datum of 5.456$\times 10^{-5}$. It indicated the reliability of proposed method in some extent. The yield, transverse momentum distribution, and rapidity distribution of the $\bar D$, $^3{\bar{He}}$, and $_{\bar\Lambda} ^3{\bar H}$ in NSD pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=7 and 14 TeV were predicted by PACIAE and PYTHIA model simulations. The yield resulted from PACIAE model simulations is larger than the one from PYTHIA model. This might reflect the role played by the parton and hadron rescatterings.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

Implementation strategy of MEI policy and SME innovation: a Chinese analysis

How to unify various policy tools into the same econometric model framework has always been an important research issue. This paper clarifies the connotation of MEI policy’s tool combination, scientifically identifies the actual impact of R&D subsidy tool, tax incentive tool, and their combination on SME innovation, and explores the best implementation strategy of MEI policy, by designing a reasonable and applicable policy identification framework. This paper confirms that R&D subsidy tool and tax incentive tool of MEI policy can form the obvious complementary effect in promoting substantive innovation of SMEs, but the mutually exclusive effect in promoting strategic innovation of SMEs. It is shown that the single tax incentive is the best implementation strategy of MEI policy to stimulate innovation for SMEs located in the central region, and the policy tool combination strategy is the best implementation scheme of MEI policy for SMEs located in the western region

Physiological basis for allelopathic potential of different wheat cultivars in heading period on the Loess Plateau of China

The relationship between fluorescence kinetics and allelopathic expression of four winter-wheat ecotypes in heading period was discussed. With the breeding history from No. 1 Bima, No. 3 Fengchan, No. 1 Ningdong to No 22 Xiaoyan and agronomic properties of winter wheat like thousand seed weight and yield, etc increased gradually. Meanwhile, allelopathic potential was also enhanced. It was explained well by physiological basis of fluorescence kinetics. Fm' and F was induced to increase, furthermore, photosynthesis system PSII would be expressed superiorly under arid press. Significant relationship among growth traits, florescence kinetics and allelopathic potential was discovered. Three kinds of parameters like yield, chlorophyll and allelopathic potential of winter wheat in heading period formed a complex network system. So, allelopathy variation was mainly determined and regulated by the presumed net system in plants. It is important in screening and breeding of allelopathic crops cultivars, including development of sustainable agriculture.Key words: Allelopathy trait, fluorescence kinetics, Triticum aestivum L., dryland farming, network system

A case of the application of Paxlovid for a patient infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new acute respiratory infectious disease with high infectivity. To date, > 500 million cases of COVID-19 have been confirmed worldwide (World Health Organization). The Omicron variant has affected nearly every country worldwide due to its high infectivity and immune evasion, which has caused widespread anxiety. However, most of the existing treatments do not effectively reduce the risk of progression to more severe disease, or the existing treatments are too costly or not suitable for extensive use.Paxlovid is a novel oral antiviral drug that has proven effective against symptomatic COVID-19 infection by reducing the risk of progression to severe disease, hospitalization, and mortality