Conformity of Tourism Education and Constructing Innovative Education Patterns

Through innovative theories, ideas technologies and educational methods, the innovative education is to foster innovative abilities of college students. This paper focuses on how to build an innovative education pattern through the conformity of tourism education Key words: Conformity, Tourism education, Innovation Résumé: A travers les théories et les idées technologiques innovatives ainsi que les méthodes éducatives, l’éducation innovative vise à former les capacités innovatives des étudiants. L’article présent se consacre à étudier comment établir un modèle éducatif innovatif par le biais de la conformité de l’éducation de tourisme. Mots-Clés: conformité, éducation de tourisme, innovatio

Magnetic correction to the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron

We investigate the leading order correction of anomalous magnetic moment (AMM) to the electron in weak magnetic field and find that the magnetic correction is negative and magnetic field dependent, indicating a magnetic catalysis effect for the electron gas. In the laboratory to measure the $g-2$, the magnitude of the magnetic field $B$ is several $\mathrm{T}$, correspondingly the magnetic correction to the AMM of electron/muon is around $10^{-34}$/$10^{-42}$, therefore the magnetic correction can be safely neglected in current measurement. However, when the magnitude of the magnetic field strength is comparable with the electron mass, the magnetic correction of electron's AMM will become considerable. This general magnetic correction to charged fermion's AMM can be extended to study QCD matter under strong magnetic field.Comment: 22 pages,2 figure

Application of photodynamic therapy in head and neck oncology

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the activation of a previously administered photosensitising agent by light resulting in the formation of cytotoxic oxygen species capable of tissue necrosis. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the role of PDT in the treatment of tumours of the head and neck region both preclinically and clinically. Preclinical studies were carried out on a rabbit model to determine the effect of PDT on normal bone using tumouricidal doses of drug and light. Minimal effects were seen on normal bone using three photosensitisers; Photofrin , aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and meta tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC). PDT is an attractive option for the management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Initial pharmacokinetic and PDT studies were carried out on normal rabbits using two photosensitisers, mTHPC and phthalocyanine (AlS2Pc) prior to embarking on clinical therapy. The concern with PDT in the nasopharynx is the close proximity of the brain. Both sensitisers were taken up in the nasopharyngeal mucosa, with no detectable levels in the brain. Using light doses that produced mucosal necrosis in the nasopharynx, no neurological deficit Nor histological damage was observed. Light transmission studies through the skull base confirmed that little light reached the brain from the nasopharynx. The clinical role of PDT was evaluated in patients with oral cancer and dysplasia, using three photosensitisers; Photofrin, ALA and mTHPC. Encouraging results were observed in patients with field cancerization following Photofrin PDT, although the prolonged skin photosensitivity was a major disadvantage. ALA PDT was found to be very effective in superficial epithelial disease (dysplasia). For early invasive disease the best results were seen using mTHPC. Seventeen out of twenty-one T1 and T2 cancers showed complete local responses along with much lower light doses than required for other photosensitisers. With an appropriate choice of photosensitiser, PDT is developing an important role in the management of premalignant and early invasive disease of the mouth

Nox2 dependent redox-regulation of microglial response to amyloid-β stimulation and microgliosis in aging

Microglia express constitutively a Nox2 enzyme that is involved in neuroinflammation by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Amyloid β (Aβ) plays a crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease. However, the mechanism of Aβ-induced microglial dysfunction and redox-regulation of microgliosis in aging remains unclear. In this study, we examined Nox2-derived ROS in mediating microglial response to Aβ peptide 1–42 (Aβ42) stimulation in vitro, in aging-associated microgliosis in vivo and in post-mortem human samples. Compared to controls, Aβ42 markedly induced BV2 cell ROS production, Nox2 expression, p47phox and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, cell proliferation and IL-1β secretion. All these changes could be inhibited to the control levels in the presence of Nox2 inhibitor or superoxide scavenger. Compared to young (3–4 months) controls, midbrain tissues from wild-type aging mice (20– 22 months) had significantly higher levels of Nox2-derived ROS production, Aβ deposition, microgliosis and IL-1β production. However, these aging-related changes were reduced or absent in Nox2 knockout aging mice. Clinical significance of aging-associated Nox2 activation, microgliosis and IL-1β production was investigated using post-mortem midbrain tissues of humans at young (25–38 years) and old age (61–85 years). In conclusion, Nox2-dependent redox-signalling is crucial in microglial response to Aβ42 stimulation and in aging-associated microgliosis and brain inflammation