Regression plots of foveal thickness and mean macular thickness vs. age.

<p>There is no association of foveal thickness (A) [r² = 0.00004; p = 0.92] and mean macular thickness (B) [r² = 0.01; p = 0.09] with age.</p

Macular thickness measurements by ETDRS^* region in 220 healthy eyes using Topcon SD-OCT system.

*<p> <i>ETDRS – Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037638#pone.0037638-Grading1" target="_blank">[<i>15</i>]</a><i>.</i></p

Macular thickness measurements in each ETDRS^* region by gender in 220 healthy eyes using Topcon SD-OCT system.

*<p> <i>ETDRS – Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037638#pone.0037638-Grading1" target="_blank">[<i>15</i>]</a><i>.</i></p

Example of macular thickness measurements obtained with Topcon SD-OCT system.

<p>Representative OCT image from a healthy subject (A). Fundus photograph of a healthy subject; the box indicates 6×6 mm scanning area using 3D macular protocol (B). Depiction of standard ETDRS map (C), showing map diameters centered on fovea (left) and 9 standard ETDRS regions (right). I, inferior; N, nasal; S, superior; T, temporal; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium; ETDRS, Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study; OCT, optical coherence tomography.</p

sCD59 Attenuates formation of Membrane Attack Complex on Retina in Diabetic Mice.

<p>(<b>a</b>). Representative retinal sections stained for MAC deposition from un-injected diabetic eyes (n=7) and un-injected non-diabetic eyes (n=6) showing positive MAC staining in the inner limiting membrane in the un-injected diabetic eyes. None of the un-injected non-diabetic eyes (n=0/6) showed staining for MAC, while 43% (n=3/7) of the retinal sections from the diabetic retinas stained positive for MAC. Scale bars = 29μm. Insets: Higher magnification showing increased MAC deposition typically in the inner limiting membrane in un-injected diabetic eyes. (<b>b</b>). Quantification of MAC fluorescence intensity in the inner limiting membrane from un-injected diabetic eyes staining positive for MAC (n=3) showing a 110% increase in MAC deposition, when compared to un-injected non-diabetic eyes (n=6) [p<0.0001]. (<b>c</b>). Representative retinal sections showing reduction in MAC staining in the inner limiting membrane in AAV2/8-sCD59 injected diabetic eyes (n=7) when compared to AAV2/8-pA injected diabetic eyes (n=6). Scale bars = 29μm. Insets: Higher magnification. The reduction in MAC deposition in the AAV2/8-sCD59 injected diabetic eyes was observed as a reduced intensity of MAC staining when compared to AAV2/8-pA injected diabetic eyes. (<b>d</b>). Quantification of MAC fluorescence intensity in the inner limiting membrane of the retina showing a 40% reduction in MAC deposition in AAV2/8-sCD59 injected diabetic eyes (n=7) when compared to AAV2/8-pA injected diabetic eyes (n=6) [p=0.003]. n represents the number of eyes. MAC, membrane attack complex. Note: MAC staining was assessed and quantified from both central as well as peripheral retinal sections in all groups.</p

sCD59 Attenuates Non-Perfusion of the Retinal Vessels in Diabetic Mice.

<p>(<b>a</b>). Representative images of retinal flat-mounts from un-injected diabetic eyes (n=7) and un-injected non-diabetic eyes (n=4), following intra-cardiac perfusion with fluorescein-dextran. Retina from un-injected diabetic mouse shows areas of capillary non-perfusion (white arrows). Scale bars = 120μm. (<b>b</b>). Representative images of retinal flat-mounts following intra-cardiac perfusion of fluorescein-dextran shows attenuation of areas of non-perfusion of retinal vessels in AAV2/8-sCD59 injected diabetic eyes (n=6), while AAV2/8-pA injected diabetic eyes (n=4) show areas of capillary non-perfusion (white arrows). Scale bars = 120μm. n represents the number of eyes.</p

sCD59 Increases Retinal Müller Cell Activation in Diabetic Mice.

<p>(<b>a</b>). Representative retinal sections stained for GFAP from un-injected diabetic eyes (n=7) and un-injected non-diabetic eyes (n=6) showing similar staining of astrocytes (white arrowheads) in both groups. Scale bars = 29μm. Insets: Higher magnification of stained astrocytes. (<b>b</b>). Quantification of GFAP staining in un-injected diabetic eyes (n=7) and un-injected non-diabetic eyes (n=6) showing no difference in the staining of the astrocytes between the two groups. (<b>c</b>). Representative retinal sections stained for GFAP showing increased staining of astrocytes and Müller cells in AAV2/8-sCD59 injected diabetic eyes (n=7), when compared to AAV2/8-pA injected diabetic eyes (n=6). White arrowheads indicate Müller cell processes. Scale bar = 29μm. Insets: Higher magnification. (<b>d</b>). Quantification of GFAP staining showing a 180% increase in staining of the glial cells in AAV2/8-sCD59 injected diabetic eyes (n=7) when compared to AAV2/8-pA injected diabetic control eyes (n=6) [p=0.006]. n represents the number of eyes. Note: GFAP staining was assessed and quantified from both central as well as peripheral retinal sections in all groups.</p

Examples of features observed in the posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal interface in healthy eyes.

<p>Selected cross sections from two different eyes are shown with their locations marked on the optical coherence tomography (OCT) fundus images. Renderings of the 3D volumetric datasets are also shown. Note the cloudy gray appearance of reflective signal from the vitreous, where liquefied areas of the vitreous appear transparent and hyperreflective foci appear white. Observed features are marked in the cross-sectional images: <i>bursa premacularis</i> (BPM) (white asterisk), Cloquet's canal (Area of Martegiani) (white circle), Cloquet's/BPM septum (white circle arrow), posterior cortical vitreous (hyaloid) detachment (black arrowhead), papillomacular hyaloid detachment (double black arrowheads), Bergmeister papilla (black diamond arrow), hyaloid attachment to retinal vessel (white arrowhead), granular opacities within vitreous cortex (black dashed arrow), granular opacities within BPM (black dotted arrow), granular opacities within Cloquet's (black arrow). Scale bars: 300 µm.</p

Features of the posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal interface observed in healthy eyes.

<p>Features of the posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal interface observed in healthy eyes.</p

Detection of vitreal and vitreoretinal features in healthy eyes.

<p>OCT  =  Optical Coherence Tomography; HDR  =  High-dynamic-range.</p