A review on the extraction of vanadium pentoxide from primary, secondary, and co-product sources

Vanadium is a strategic metal and its compounds are widely used in industry. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is one of the important compounds of vanadium, which is mainly extracted from titanomagnetite, phosphate rocks, uranium-vanadium deposits, oil residues, and spent catalysts. The main steps of vanadium extraction from its sources include salt roasting, leaching, purification, and precipitation of vanadium compounds. In the hydrometallurgical method, first, the vanadium is converted to a water-soluble salt by roasting, and then the hot water is used to leach out the salt-roasted product and the leach liquor is purified by chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, or ion exchange processes to remove impurities. Then, a red cake precipitates from an aqueous solution by adjusting the conditions. To provide high pure vanadium pentoxide, it is necessary to treat the filtered red cake in an ammonia solution. So, ammonium metavanadate (AMV) is precipitated, calcined, and flaked to vanadium pentoxide. In the pyrometallurgical method, vanadium-containing concentrate is smelted, and by forming titanium-containing slag and molten pig iron, oxygen is blown into pig iron in a converter or shaking ladles, and vanadium is oxidized to produce vanadium-rich slag. In the next step, the slag is roasted and treated by the hydrometallurgical process. In this paper, the industrial processes and novel developed methods are reviewed for the extraction of vanadium pentoxide

A comparative study of the effects of judicial supervision in Iranian and French law

Judicial oversight is one of the most important issues in criminal procedure that has always been the subject of discussion and opinion. This article tries to make a comparative study of judicial supervision in Iranian and French law. The present article is a descriptive-analytical study and examines the question using the library method. The results indicate that in the French criminal justice system, the only alternative to temporary detention is judicial supervision as a criminal security that includes and supplies all the assets of this system and adopts a unified approach and the need to pay attention to the needs of investigation and action. Tamin seeks to create the conditions for maximum balance between security and freedom. In the Iranian criminal procedure, however, despite the provision of judicial supervision as an alternative to temporary detention and some subscriptions with French law, due to the dual approach adopted by the legislature, the main, single and independent function of this criminal institution is subordinate, dual and complementary. Has become. Considering the recourse and using examples such as deterrence and obstruction and having a supervisory aspect, it may be said that in case of recourse to the judicial authority along with other appointments to any of the foreseen cases, judicial supervision is in order to prevent and correct the accused and guarantee The more the victim's salary, the more security will be taken from the accused, which violates the purpose of judicial supervision and is in opposition to criminal justice and the establishment of its goals, and not only loses its main mission, but also the efficiency of this institution. It has a negative effect. The need to pay attention to a unified approach to security and oversight appointments in Iranian law, such as French law, provides the maximum context for the investigating authority to accurately take steps to fully protect the rights of victims of crime and provide the most appropriate security in conflict with Individual liberties are not desirable in the view of progressive criminal justice systems

The effects of 8-weeks concurrent training on necdin levels and insulin resistance index in obese middle-aged men.

Abstract Background: Obesity per se is a major global health problem leading to an increase in morbidity and premature mortality however increasing physical activity often results in a marked weight loss. Necdin has been shown to be an important negative regulator of adipogenesis of the white adipose tissue. We hypothesized that exercise training would impact necdin synthesis inhibiting adipocity and ultimately reducing obesity. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of 8-weeks concurrent training on plasma necdin levels in obese middle-aged men. Methods: Twenty three sedentary obese middle-aged men were randomly assigned to concurrent training group (CTG: n=12) or control group (CG: n=11). The subjects in concurrent training group performed endurance and resistance training on the same days, 3 days a week, 55-65 (mean: 60) min gradually was spent over 8 weeks Results: At the end of the study, there were significant decreases in total body weight (up to 3.5 kg), body mass index (BMI; 1.2 kg/m2), waist hip ratio (WHR; 0.02 unit) and the fasting plasma insulin levels (up to 58%) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; P<0.05) in CTG group compared with the CG group. However, there were no significant differences in the fasting plasma levels of glucose or necdin between the two groups at the end of the study. Conclusion: Concurrent training is a viable tool in reducing body weight. There seems to be no association between 8-weeks concurrent training-induced weight loss and the total plasma necdin levels in obese middle-aged men

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Twelve Weeks Rest&ndash;Pause and Traditional Resistance Training: Effects on Myokines and Performance Adaptations among Recreationally Trained Men

A rest&ndash;pause (RP) technique involves performing one or more repetitions at high resistance to failure, followed by a short rest before performing one or more repetitions. These techniques can affect neuromuscular conditions and fatigue by changing the rest time between repetitions. This study compared the effect of 12 weeks of RP and traditional resistance training (TRT) on myokines (myostatin (MSTN), follistatin (FLST) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) and functional adaptations. The study recruited 29 men between the ages of 20 and 30 who had performed resistance training for at least 6 to 12 months. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: RP, TRT, and control; resistance training was performed 3 days per week for 12 weeks. The training methods of the two groups were largely similar. The results showed that RP increased IGF-1 and FLST/MSTN more than the TRT group (% change = 19.04, % change = 37.71), and only the RP and TRT groups had significant changes in the FLST/MSTN ratio compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively). In addition, FLST levels increased and MSTN decreased in the RP and TRT groups, but the rate of change in FLST was significant in the RP and TRT groups compared to the control group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). Leg press and bench press strength, and arm and thigh muscular cross-sectional area (MCSA) increased more in the RP group than in the others, and the percentage of body fat (PBF) decreased significantly. The change between strength and MCSA was significant (p &le; 0.05), and the PBF change in RP and TRT compared to the control (ES RP group = 0.43; ES TRT group = 0.55; control group ES = 0.09) was significant (p = 0.005, p = 0.01; respectively). Based on the results, the RP training technique significantly affects strength and muscle hypertrophy more than the TRT method, which can be included in the training system to increase strength and hypertrophy

Effects of pH and pulp potential on the selective separation of Molybdenite from the Sungun Cu-Mo concentrate

In this research, selective flotation of Mo from the Sungun Cu-Mo concentrate was evaluated in different operating conditions. It was found that the addition of 16 kg/t Na2S into flotation pulp and aeration decreased rapidly the initial oxidized- reduction potential (ORP) of the pulp from +228mV to -597 mV (with reference to standard Ag/AgCl electrode) and increasing the amount of Na2S by 50kg/t did not change the pulp potential. The highest metallurgical and selective separation of Mo from Mo-Cu concentrate were achieved at pH= 10.5 and OR

Study and comparison of image developments in Persian poetry (from classical to contemporary)

In any literary style or period, there are always common factors and contexts between poets and writers that make up the color and public space of that period. One of these contexts are elements and themes that are used in poetic images; Elements such as nature, ordinary and peripheral elements, literary subtleties in image making, etc. are the themes that can lead us to obvious differences between the illustrations of each period in each period and can finally be a basis for evaluation. The artistic and imaginative values and features of each period become and lead us to the important point that the image is a representation of sensory effect in language. This sensory effect also includes: the poet's thoughts, feelings and sensory experiences. The importance of illustration and illustration is such that, in the opinion of many, any change in the illustration of the world also leads to a change in the mechanism of the world. What constitutes the basis of the present research is the study and study of the illustration processes of old and new Persian poetry in two ways, method and subject of the image. The results of the present study show that although the overall image structure of Persian poetry from ancient times to modern times has been based on one principle, but the subject of these images is different in two periods so that the image in ancient poetry is based on "nature and imagination". While the basis of the image in contemporary poetry is "man and society".En cualquier estilo o época literaria, siempre existen factores y contextos comunes entre poetas y escritores que configuran el color y el espacio público de esa época. Uno de estos contextos son elementos y temas que se utilizan en imágenes poéticas; Elementos como la naturaleza, elementos ordinarios y periféricos, sutilezas literarias en la creación de imágenes, etc. son los temas que pueden llevarnos a diferencias obvias entre las ilustraciones de cada período en cada período y finalmente pueden ser una base para la evaluación. Los valores y rasgos artísticos e imaginativos de cada período se convierten y nos llevan al punto importante de que la imagen es una representación del efecto sensorial en el lenguaje. Este efecto sensorial también incluye: los pensamientos, sentimientos y experiencias sensoriales del poeta. La importancia de la ilustración y la ilustración es tal que, en opinión de muchos, cualquier cambio en la ilustración del mundo también conduce a un cambio en el mecanismo del mundo. Lo que constituye la base de la presente investigación es el estudio y estudio de los procesos de ilustración de la poesía persa antigua y nueva de dos formas, método y tema de la imagen. Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que aunque la estructura general de la imagen de la poesía persa desde la antigüedad hasta la época moderna se ha basado en un principio, el tema de estas imágenes es diferente en dos períodos, por lo que la imagen en la poesía antigua se basa en "naturaleza e imaginación". Mientras que la base de la imagen en la poesía contemporánea es "el hombre y la sociedad

Bioleaching of a low grade sphalerite concentrate produced from flotation tailings

In this research work, the zinc extraction was investigated, using bioleaching process from a low grade zinc concentrate which was produced from the accumulated flotation tailings. Zinc content was initially upgraded to 11.97% by flotation process. Bioleaching experiments were designed and carried out by a mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Leptospirilium ferrooxidans, as well as a mixed moderate thermophile bacteria in the shake flasks. Effect of two types bacteria, indigenous bacteria accompany by concentrate sample, and added mixture of bacteria were evaluated. The term of indigenous bacteria refers to the bacteria which initially exist in the natural concentrate sample. The results showed that more than 87% and 94% of Zn was dissolved in the bioleaching condition of mesophile and moderate thermophile bacteria, respectively. Comparing bioleaching and leaching tests indicated that mesophile bacteria improved Zn extraction 36%, in which contribution of concentrate indigenous bacteria (test condition of non-inoculation) and added mesophile mixed bacteria were equal to 34% and 66% of that improvement, respectively. In addition, moderate thermophile bacteria improved sphalerite leaching up to 38% in which contribution of concentrate indigenous bacteria and added moderate bacteria were about 50% separately

Effect of endurance training on plasma levels of AGRP and HOMA-IR in diabetic rats

The hypothalamus is a strong central controller of appetite that secretes different neuropeptides including AGRP. Plasma levels of AGRP are effective in controlling obesity and hunger. Therefore, the current study was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of endurance training on plasma levels of AGRP and HOMA-IR in diabetic rats. The Current study was experimental by posttest and control group. Eighteen male Wistar rats (200-220 grams with 8-10 weeks) were randomly divided into the control group and diabetic training. Eight weeks endurance training program included in the group of animal diabetic training for 5 days per week (15-40) minutes at 50 to 65 percent of vo2max. To determine the serum concentrations of AGRP was used by ELISA. A comparison of two groups showed significantly increased plasma concentrations of AGRP (p=0.006) and insulin resistance index, decreased significantly (p=0.002) compared to the control group after eight weeks, endurance training. According to the results, increased plasma concentrations of AGRP can be attributed to the negative balance caused by training. This agent destroys the body's energy balance and hypothalamus for balancing increases the secretion of AGRP. This neuropeptide is likely will cause higher fat metabolism