Kent siluetlerine ilişkin tasarım niteliklerinin, entropi yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmesi

Urban skylines present references that enable catchy visual effects of the urban scene to be clearly visible. They also reflect the urban identity in a compositional entirety. The design values constitute both the natural and the planned forms of cities. Design qualities are evaluated by the total impacts exercised by esthetic evaluation criteria that are analyzable in a visual environment. The concepts such as, diversity, clarity, harmony, meaning are composed design qualities. These design qualities are evaluated by the sum of total effects of esthetic evaluation criteria which can be analyzed in the visual environment. The characteristics of design properties that possess universally accepted standards and used in aesthetical evaluation studies for different dimensions and aspects are called esthetic evaluation criteria. For the impact evaluation, methodologies used can be differentiated as objective and subjective and they show diversity among themselves. Day by day, objective methodologies used for studies of design and aesthetics are becoming increasingly important. That is mostly because, they are able to present more precise approaches and innovations to the evaluation of properties based on interpretation. This research contains evaluation of diversity. The aim of the research is being investigated the design-value relation from an objective standpoint among the historic city skylines that represent cities' identity properties. In accordance with this aim, it is purposed to digitize the design values which defined the balanced diversity relations. Therefore objectivity and measurability of the design properties related to diversity are studied by the entropy approach which is among objective methodologies of design issues. The preliminary description of Entropy is in the law of thermodynamics whereas its second description is found in the information theory and the concept used in this research is related to the information theory. In its second description, entropy is defined as measuring the amount of information. Measuring the entropy is related to the distribution of positional figures of a message or information from the probabilities standpoint. Esthetic evaluation criteria are valuated as the visual codes of the urban skylines. Thus information values for the design qualities that rely upon the power of visual communications are obtained. Relations between design values are analyzed depending on the balanced diversity of the visual environment. The effect of diversity in a balanced relation of esthetic evaluation criteria made visual richness in the urban environment. In this study, historic urban skylines that reflect the identities of different cities that are doubtlessly possessing positive aesthetical values are considered. These samples are, Istanbul (Turkey), Cologne - Bavaria and Dresden (Germany), Mostar (Bosnia Herzegovina), Budapest (Hungary), Cordova (Spain), Liverpool (England), Rome (Italy) and Prague (Czech Republic). Harmony with the nature and shoreline relations is noted as a common feature in the formation of all these examples. Setting out from these similarities, it is thought that relations can also be observed between the design values of the urban skylines. Impressive urban skylines, though they have come to life in different geographies, through cultural build up and historical processes, have become permanent in time change processes because they have had the right design principles and criteria whether attained naturally or through a planning. When it is thought that these lasting visual qualities are gained through universal design properties, it is arrived at the conclusion that a relation can be set up between them. In order to represent this relation in digital figures, the entropy method that is capable of making an impact evaluation between estetic evaluation criteria is opted. By the use of  entropy method, contour effect that makes up skyline, mass unit, vertical and horizontal elements, elements of form, elements of color, hierarchical phasing, elements of dominant effect, elements of repetition, elements of continuity and  balanced distribution relations in terms of diversity between time layers that were analyzed. In the research study, applications that are made from the historic skylines representing the identities of ten different cities, visual qualities of which are comparable to each other. At the end, the entropy results for the examples are found to be identical to each other. Thus, in applications made by research methodology, a numerical proximity is determined in terms of design relations. This result points to a design value relation between the historic skylines representing the urban identity that can also be expressed in numerical values. Keywords: Urban Skylines, entropy, design quality, diversity.Kent siluetleri, kentsel çevrenin, akılda kalıcı görsel etkisinin yaratılması için referanslar sunmaktadır. Kentlerin, doğal ya da planlanmış biçimlerini oluşturan tasarım nitelikleri bulunmaktadır. Çeşitlilik, belirginlik, uyum, anlam gibi kavramlar tasarım niteliklerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu tasarım nitelikleri, görsel çevrede analiz edilebilen estetik değerlendirme ölçütlerinin toplam etkileri ile incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın amacı, tarihi kentlerin kimlik özelliklerini yansıtan siluetleri arasında, çeşitliliğe bağlı tasarım değer ilişkisini sorgulamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda dengeli çeşitlilik ilişkisini tanımlayan özelliklerin, ölçülebilir hale getirilmesi gerekmektedir. Çeşitlilik ilişkisini tanımlayan estetik değerlendirme ölçütlerinin, sayısal olarak entropi yaklaşımı ile ölçülebileceği bir yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Entropi, ilk olarak termodinamik kanunları içinde, ikinci olarak enformasyon kuramı içinde tanımlanmış olup, kavram bu araştırmada, enformasyon kuramı içindeki anlamıyla, kullanılmaktadır. İkinci tanımında entropi, bir mesajın iletilmesindeki enformasyon miktarının ölçümüdür. Estetik değerlendirme ölçütleri, kent siluetlerinin, görsel kodları olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Böylece, tasarım niteliklerinin, görsel iletişim gücüne bağlı enformasyon değerleri, elde edilmektedir. Tasarım nitelikleri arasındaki ilişkiler, görsel çevrenin çeşitlilik özelliğine bağlı olarak incelenmektedir. Dengeli bir ilişki içinde çeşitlilik etkisi yaratan estetik değerlendirme ölçütleri, kentsel çevrede görsel açıdan zenginlik yaratmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, tarihi kentlerin kimlik özelliklerini yansıtan ve görsel niteliklerinin birbirleri ile karşılaştırılabileceği on siluet üzerinden uygulama yapılmıştır. Entropi yönteminin uygulandığı örneklerde, tasarım ilişkisi açısından sayısal bir yakınlık saptanmıştır. Bu sonuç, kentsel kimliği yansıtan tarihi siluetler arasında, çeşitlilik açısından sayısal olarak ifade edilebilen tasarım değer ilişkisini göstermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kent siluetleri, entropi, tasarım nitelikleri, çeşitlilik

Comparison of valuation methods that can be used measurement of the economic values of urban green areas

Kentsel yeşil alanlar mekansal yapılarına ve işlevsel özelliklerine bağlı olarak kent mekanında fiziksel ve sosyal çevre bakımından faydalar üreten fonksiyon alanlarıdır. Kamu mekanı olma niteliklerinden dolayı sağladıkları faydalar, kamu yararı adına meşrulaştırılan ve uzun dönemde içselleştirilen faydalardır. Bu nedenle, faydalarının ekonomik değerlerinin doğrudan ölçülmesi mümkün değildir. Ancak kamu mekanlarının ürettikleri faydaların ekonomik değerlerini ölçecek yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, ölçüm yöntemlerinden koşullu değerleme yöntemi, seyahat maliyet yöntemi ve hedonik fiyat yöntemi ortaya konmuş ve kentsel yeşil alanların ekonomik değerlerinin ölçümünde kullanılabilecek en uygun yöntem, kavramsal olarak belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Urban green areas have an importance in urban areas because of their producing on-site and off-site benefits that are called external benefits. However, since they are accepted as public areas, their producing external benefits are for public and have long term effects. This is why, these known external benefits? economic values cannot be measured directly. It is accepted that the level of urban environmental quality is strictly related those external benefits. Those external benefits can be reflected mainly by urban green area standarts per person. If it is examined, urban green areas indices of urban areas in Turkey, it can be seen that they are not sufficient enough both in qualitative and quantitative properties. It is accepted that the main reason for that problematic situation is their immeasurable economic values directly. They are seen as if just with their cost for public, but are not producing of any economic values. However, there are some methods that are mainly based on environmental economics in order to measure economic values of public areas. In this article, three of these methods are mentioned conceptually. These mentioned ones are respectively, contingent valuation method, travel cost method and hedonic pricing method. After determining the conceptual framework of these three different methods, it is tried to argue the most appropriate one that can be used the measurement of economic values of urban green area

Urban pattern dichotomy in tirana:Socio-spatial impact of liberalism

Transition from a centralized to a market economy yielded different responses from the former Eastern Bloc countries with economic performance directly affecting spatial composition of the cities. Post-socialist urban transformations across Central and Eastern Europe exhibit main, common features but always preserve singularities, characteristic of individual states. This paper, by using comparative methods and urban planning analyses, emphasizes differences in the degree of change for inner city areas under same transition conditions. Drawing on empirical evidence from Tirana, the paper stresses the fact that besides the obvious general change in the communism-inherited urban fabric, the degree of this change is predicated on the area's centrality and its pretransitional urban pattern. It is pointed out that this spatial change follows a mutually interactive, parallel path with the socio-economic composition of the city. The peculiarity of Tirana stands in the fact that post-socialist socio-spatial transformations are better defined by Balkanization (implying individuality and hostility) rather than segregation (which implies clustering).</p