Türkiye'de pamuk yetiştiriciliğinin enerji bilançosu ve sera gazı emisyonlarının belirlenmesi: Diyarbakır İli Bismil İlçesi Örneği]

In this study, the energy balance and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) of cotton cultivation in Bismil district of Diyarbakır province in Turkey was defined. The energy balance and GHG of cotton cultivation was computed by conducting face to face surveys with 73 farms in the 2018-2019 cultivation season, which were selected by simple random sampling method. The energy input and output in cotton cultivation were computed as 54 617.62 MJ ha-1 and 65 984.42 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy inputs occurs of electricity energy with 18 608.40 MJ ha-1 (34.06%), chemical fertilizers energy with 15 254.67 MJ ha-1 (27.93%), diesel fuel energy with 14 364.68 (26.30%), irrigation water energy with 3 559.50 MJ ha-1 (6.53%), machinery energy with 1 152.79 MJ ha-1 (2.11%), chemicals energy with 1 075.76 MJ ha-1 (1.96%), seed energy with 307.98 MJ ha-1 (0.57%), human labour energy with 293.84 MJ ha-1 (0.54%), respectively. Total energy inputs in cotton cultivation can be classified as 67.43% direct, 32.57% indirect, 7.62% renewable and 92.38% non-renewable. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy in cotton cultivation were computed as 1.21, 9.77 MJ kg-1, 0.10 kg MJ-1 and 11 366.80 MJ ha-1, respectively. Total GHG emissions were computed as 6 482.36 kgCO2-eqha-1 for cotton cultivation with the greatest input part for electricity with 47.94% (3 107.60 kgCO2-eqha-1). The electricity followed up nitrogen with 16.29% (1 055.67 kgCO2-eqha-1), irrigation water with 14.82% (960.50 kgCO2-eqha-1), diesel fuel with 10.86% (704.08 kgCO2-eqha-1), seed with 3.07% (199.14 kgCO2-eqha-1 ), chemicals with 2.28% (147.76 kgCO2-eqha-1), phosphorous with 1.78% (115.64 kgCO2-eqha-1), human labour with 1.62% (104.94 kgCO2-eqha-1), machinery with 1.26% (81.85 kgCO2-eqha-1) and potassium with 0.08% (5.18 kgCO2-eqha-1), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was computed as 1.16 kgCO2-eqkg-1 in cotton cultivation. © 2021 Namik Kemal University - Agricultural Faculty. All rights reserved.We would like to thank the cotton producers who supported us in the survey

Elma (Malus communis L) yetiştiriciliğinde enerji girdi-çıktı analizi: Tekirdağ ili örneği

belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Enerji kullanım etkinliği çalışması, Tekirdağ ili Merkez ilçesi Nusratlı köyündeki bir işletmede 2015 üretim sezonunda 12 da alana sahip elma bahçesinde yapılan gözlem ve ölçüm yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Girdiler içerisinde mekanizasyon enerjisinin rolü ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Hesaplanan verilere göre, elma yetiştiriciliğinde toplam enerji girdisi, toplam ürün verimi, toplam enerji çıktısı, enerji çıktı/girdi oranı, özgül enerji, enerji verimliliği ve net enerji verimi sırasıyla 58839.65 MJ ha-1, 38370 kg ha-1, 92088.00 MJ ha-1, 1.56, 1.53 MJ kg-1, 0.64 kg MJ-1 ve 33248.35 MJ ha-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elma yetiştiriciliğinde genel enerji girdileri içerisinde en fazla enerji tüketim sırasıyla gübre enerjisi, yakıt-yağ enerjisi, kimyasallar, makine, insan işgücü ve sulama enerjisi olarak belirlenmiştir.This study aims to define the energy usage efficiency in apple cultivation in the Province of Tekirdağ. The study was conducted during 2015 production season through observation and measurement in an apple garden with a land area of 12 da and located in Nusratlı village in Central Tekirdağ. It has been tried to reveal the role of mechanization energy among all the inputs. According to the calculated data, in apple cultivation the respective figures for total energy input, total fruition, total energy output, energy output/input rate, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy have been calculated as 58839.65 MJ ha-1, 38370 kg ha-1, 92088.00 MJ ha-1, 1.56, 1.53 MJ kg-1, 0.65 kg MJ-1 and 33248.35 MJ ha-1 respectively. As a result, among the general energy inputs in apple cultivation, the highest energy consuming items have been respectively defined as fertilizer energy, fuel-oil energy, chemicals, machinery, human labour and irrigation energy

Energy Consumption in Alfalfa Production: A Comparison Between Harvesting Systems

The purpase of this study was to determine the amount of input-output energy used in different harvest systems in baled alfalfa hay production in Tekirdag province, Turkey. Data were collected from 176 alfalfa farms in 2019-2020. The simple random sampling method was used to determine survey volume. Harvesting systems consisting of different tool-machine combinations are used in alfalfa production. The capacities and features of the machines used are quite different from each other. In harvesting systems; baler type (rectangular/round), number and frequency of use of the conditioner rake were taken into account. Therefore, the studied population was divided into six groups based on different harvesting systems (H/1-6). In addition, according to the number of mowing (1,2,3,4,5,6); The energy consumption of the harvesting systems used was determined. While alfalfa production was taken into consideration in the first cutting process, the applications made after the cutting process were taken into account in the single mowing process. Results showed that the energy use efficiency, energy productivity and net energy varied according to the type of bale machine used and the number of conditioners. The total energy input and output in harvesting systems was highly variable. The highest share of input energy was recorded for diesel fuels-oil ( 38.77%) and N fertilizer ( 24.89%). The fuel energy of 3244.57 MJha(-1) was calculated in the H6 system for the highest amount of fuel used per unit area. Due to the increase in the number of use of conditioner equipment and the number of mowing, energy consumption has also increased. When mowing six times; 1248.57 MJha(-1) machine energy consumption was calculated in the harvesting system using rectangular baler, and 1751.07 MJha(-1) machine energy consumption in the harvesting system using round baler. The highest total energy input (first cutting) was 8179.41 MJha(-1), 8377.54 MJha(-1) in the systems using round baler (H5-H6). The lowest specific energy was calculated 2.94 MJkg(-1), 3.17 MJkg(-1) in the systems using rectangular baler (H3-H4)

The Investigation of the Chemical Composition and Applicability of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Amygdalus communis (Almond) Leaf Aqueous Extract as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

The current work’s main objective was to determine the chemical composition of Amygdalus communis (AC) leaf extract and examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical composition of AC leaf extract was determined using LC-ESI/MS/MS to detect compounds that may be responsible for the reducing, stabilizing, and capping steps in the synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological activities. The AC-AuNPs were spherical, with a particle size lower than 100 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. The EDX spectrum confirmed the formation of AuNPs and a negative zeta potential value (−27.7 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. The in vitro cytotoxic efficacy of the AC-AuNPs against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), glioma (U118), and ovarian (Skov-3) cancer cell lines and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was evaluated by MTT assay. CaCo-2 cell proliferation was effectively inhibited by the AC-AuNPs at concentrations between 25 and 100 g mL−1. The AC-AuNPs exerted preeminent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with an MIC of 0.02 μg/mL, whilst good activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans yeast with an MIC of 0.12 μg/mL. Ultimately, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AuNPs from AC leaf extract

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. Peel Extract, Their Antioxidant, Antipathogenic, and Anticholinesterase Activity

The present work deals with the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Allium cepa (yellowish peel) and the evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities. For the synthesis of AgNPs, peel aqueous extract (200 mL) was treated with a 40 mM AgNO3 solution (200 mL) at room temperature, and a color change was observed. In UV-Visible spectroscopy, an absorption peak formation at ~439 nm was the sign that AgNPs were present in the reaction solution. UV-vis, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, AFM, XRD, TG/DT analyses, and Zetasizer techniques were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The crystal average size and zeta potential of AC-AgNPs with predominantly spherical shapes were measured as 19.47 ± 1.12 nm and −13.1 mV, respectively. Pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were used for the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test. When compared to tested standard antibiotics, AC-AgNPs demonstrated good growth inhibitory activities on P. aeuruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus strains. In vitro, the antioxidant properties of AC-AgNPs were measured using different spectrophotometric techniques. In the β-Carotene linoleic acid lipid peroxidation assay, AC-AgNPs showed the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 116.9 µg/mL, followed by metal-chelating capacity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 120.4 µg/mL and 128.5 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effects of produced AgNPs on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric techniques. This study provides an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and easy method for the synthesis of AgNPs that can be used for biomedical activities and also has other possible industrial applications

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated Diospyros kaki L. (Persimmon): determination of chemical composition and evaluation of their antimicrobials and anticancer activities

The eco-friendly synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) using biological materials is an encouraging and innovativeness approach to nanotechnology. Among other synthesizing methods, biological methods are chosen because of their high efficiency and purity in many aspects. In this work, using the aqueous extract obtained from the green leaves of the D. kaki L. (DK); silver nanoparticles were synthesized in a short time and simply with an eco-friendly approach. The properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized using various techniques and measurements. In the characterization data of AgNPs, Maximum absorbance at 453.34 nm wavelengths, the average size distribution of 27.12 nm, the surface charge of −22.4 mV, and spherical appearance were observed. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was used to assess the compound composition of D. kaki leaf extract. The chemical profiling of the crude extract of D. kaki leaves revealed the presence of a variety of phytochemicals, predominantly phenolics, resulting in the identification of five major high-feature compounds: two major phenolic acids (Chlorogenic acid and Cynarin), and tree flavonol glucosides (hyperoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, and quercetin-3- D-xyloside). The components with the highest concentrations were cynarin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3- D-xyloside, hyperoside, and quercetin-3-glucoside, respectively. Antimicrobial results were determined by a MIC assay. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the human and food pathogen Gram (+ and −) bacteria and good antifungal activity against pathogenic yeast. It was determined that 0.03–0.050 μg/mL concentrations ranges of DK-AgNPs were growth suppressive concentrations on all pathogen microorganisms. The MTT technique was used to study the cytotoxic effects of produced AgNPs on cancer cell lines (Glioblastoma (U118), Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), Human Ovarian Sarcoma (Skov-3) cancer cell lines, and Human Dermal Fibroblast (HDF) healthy cell line). It has been observed that they have a suppressive effect on the proliferation of cancerous cell lines. After 48 h of treatment with Ag-NPs, the DK-AgNPs were found to be extremely cytotoxic to the CaCo-2 cell line, inhibiting cell viability by up to 59.49% at a concentration of 50 g mL−1. It was found that the viability was inversely related to the DK-AgNP concentration. The biosynthesized AgNPs had dose-dependent anticancer efficacy. Because of the high concentration of bioactive chemicals in Diospyros kaki, it may be employed as a biological resource in medicinal applications. DK-AgNPs were shown to be an effective antibacterial agent as well as a prospective anticancer agent. The results provide a potential approach for the biogenic production of DK-AgNPs utilizing D. kaki aqueous leaf extract

Prunus avium kiraz yaprağı özütü ile gümüş nanopartikül (AgNP) sentezi ve antimikrobiyal etkisinin incelenmesi

Çalışmada çevre dostu sentez yöntemi ile biyolojik kaynaktan (Prunus avium yaprak özütünden) yararlanarak AgNP’ler başarılı bir şekilde sentezlenmiştir. Ultraviyole/görünür ışık absorpsiyon spektrofotometresi (UV-vis), X-ışını kırınımı (XRD), termogravimetrik ve difarensiyel termal analiz (TGADTA), Fourier transform infrared Spektroskopisi (FT-IR), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve enerji dağılımlı X-ışını (EDAX) analizleri ile partiküller karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu partiküllerin mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etkisine bakıldı ve üremeleri üzerinde inhibe edici etki gösterdikleri tespit edildi

Türkiye’de farklı aromatik bitkilerin üretilmesinde Sera Gazı Emisyonlarının (GHG) belirlenmesi

The release of greenhouse gas emissions is a source of great concern for Turkey. However, agriculture is among the key actors in terms of environmental impact in Turkey, as agriculture not only consumes energy but it also produces it and it can have both positive and negative effects on the environment. This study was conducted in order to determine GHG emissions for four different medical, aromatic and pleasure plants production (guar, lavender, sesame and tobacco) in the different provinces of Turkey. For this purpose, the first data was collected from references. The results indicated that total GHG emissions for four different aromatic plants production (guar, lavender, sesame and tobacco) production were computed as 1488.50 kgCO2-eqha–1 , 494.81 kgCO2-eqha–1 , 907.13 kgCO2-eqha–1 , 6604.58 kgCO2-eqha–1 respectively. The GHG ratios were computed as 0.65 kgCO2-eqkg–1 , 0.10 kgCO2-eqkg–1 , 1.88 kgCO2-eqkg–1 , 6.29 kgCO2-eqkg–1 respectively.Sera gazı emisyonlarının salınması, Türkiye için büyük bir endişe kaynağıdır. Ancak, sadece enerji tüketmekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda çevre üzerinde hem olumlu hem de olumsuz etkileri olabileceği için Türkiye'de tarım çevresel etkilerin en önemli aktörleri arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin farklı illerinde dört farklı tıbbi, aromatik ve keyif bitkisinin (guar, lavanta, susam ve tütün) üretimi sırasında oluşan sera gazı emisyonlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla ilk veriler referanslardan toplanmıştır. Sonuçta, dört farklı aromatik bitkinin (guar, lavanta, susam ve tütün) üretimi sırasında oluşan toplam sera gazı emisyonları sırasıyla 1488.50 kgCO2-eşha–1 , 494.81 kgCO2-eşha–1 , 907.13 kgCO2-eşha–1 ve 6604.58 kgCO2-eşha–1 olarak, GHG oranları ise sırasıyla 0.65 kgCO2-eşkg–1 , 0.10 kgCO2-eşkg–1 , 1.88 kgCO2-eşkg–1 ve 6.29 kgCO2-eşkg–1 olarak hesaplanmıştır

Removal of cadmium (II) in the aqueous solutions by biosorption of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from soil in the area of Tigris River

Biosorption by dead bacteria is an alternative and effective method for the removal toxic elements from drinking water and waste water. The biosorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions was studied in a batch method by using dead bacteria Bacillus licheniformis sp. extracted from soil in the area of Tigris River. The Cd element analysis was determined using ICP-OES and AAS. The maximum adsorption capacity of biosorbent was determined, respectively, 24.51 mg/g for Cd element from Langmuir isotherm constants in the optimum conditions. The characterisation of B. licheniformis to describe behaviour of bacteria was determined such as adsorption isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic data using FT-IR, TGA, DTA, SEM and EDX. The results suggested that the most equilibrium data of Cd(II) bioadsorption was best represented by the pseudo second-order equation and Langmuir isotherm model at different time-temperatures. The thermodynamic functions and activation energy was found to be ΔG°; −0,984 kJ/mol at 318 K, ΔH°; 15.48 kJ/mol, ΔS°; 39.08 kJ/mol and Ea; 23.24 kJ/mol and due to the ΔG° 0, ΔS°> 0, the reaction mechanism was determined to be physical adsorption and endothermic. This study shows that B. licheniformis sp. can be used as an effective method for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions

GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AgNPs) FROM MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

In recent years, the biosynthesis (green synthesis) of metal nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become one of the safest, most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approaches. In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. For the characterization of synthesized AgNPs different techniques were used, such as X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermal gravimetric and Differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA). The XRD results showed that AgNPs had a mean diameter of 12.63 nm and a crystal-like appearance. In addition, antimicrobial activities of synthesized AgNPs were evaluated using 3 different antibiotics against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans yeast. Antifungal activity of AgNPs with antibiotics has been observed to be better than the antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were found to be 0.084, 0.337 and 0.021 mg mL-1 for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. The results revealed that AgNPs synthesized from maize leaf extract have antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against Candida albicans yeast, and that the produced AgNPs could be used in the production of biomedical products and in the pharmaceutical industry