ISL1 Protein Transduction Promotes Cardiomyocyte Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to provide an unlimited source of cardiomyocytes, which are invaluable resources for drug or toxicology screening, medical research, and cell therapy. Currently a number of obstacles exist such as the insufficient efficiency of differentiation protocols, which should be overcome before hESC-derived cardiomyocytes can be used for clinical applications. Although the differentiation efficiency can be improved by the genetic manipulation of hESCs to over-express cardiac-specific transcription factors, these differentiated cells are not safe enough to be applied in cell therapy. Protein transduction has been demonstrated as an alternative approach for increasing the efficiency of hESCs differentiation toward cardiomyocytes.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>We present an efficient protocol for the differentiation of hESCs in suspension by direct introduction of a LIM homeodomain transcription factor, Islet1 (ISL1) recombinant protein into the cells.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>We found that the highest beating clusters were derived by continuous treatment of hESCs with 40 µg/ml recombinant ISL1 protein during days 1–8 after the initiation of differentiation. The treatment resulted in up to a 3-fold increase in the number of beating areas. In addition, the number of cells that expressed cardiac specific markers (cTnT, CONNEXIN 43, ACTININ, and GATA4) doubled. This protocol was also reproducible for another hESC line.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study has presented a new, efficient, and reproducible procedure for cardiomyocytes differentiation. Our results will pave the way for scaled up and controlled differentiation of hESCs to be used for biomedical applications in a bioreactor culture system.</p> </div

Optimization of the effect of rISL1 protein on hESCs.

<p>(A) To evaluate the effect of discontinuous (2 h/day) or continuous rISL1 protein addition on hESCs (Royan H5) differentiation, cells were treated continuously or discontinuously from days 1–8 post initiation of differentiation. <i>Isl1</i> qRT-PCR analysis of differentiated cells at day 8 showed higher significant endogenous <i>Isl1</i> expression in hESCs in the continuous protocol.Thus continuous treatment was applied in the next steps. )* : P<0.05((B) To determine the best concentration of rISL1 protein for cardiac differentiation, cells were treated with four different concentrations of recombinant protein: 10, 20, 30, and 40 µg/ml in continuous treatment of hESCs during days 1–8 after initiation of differentiation. During differentiation, cells that were treated by 10 and 20 µg/ml rISL1 protein were morphologically similar to hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors, while the 30 and 40 µg/ml concentrations showed cardiomyocyte and muscular appearances. It seems that 30 and 40 µg/ml rISL1 protein are better concentrations for cardiac differentiation. )* : P<0.05((C) qRT-PCR analysis of differentiated cells at day 8 by different concentrations of rISL1 also showed that 40 µg/ml of the rISL1 protein induced more endogenous <i>Isl1</i>, but less <i>Mef2c</i> and <i>Nkx2.5</i> expressions. )* : P<0.05((D) Schematic diagram of the differentiation protocol by the addition of rISL1 protein (40 µg/ml), which was added after induction with Activin A (days 1–8). qRT-PCR analysis of endogenous <i>Isl1</i> expression in hESCs demonstrated that treated cells expressed higher significant endogenous <i>Isl1</i> than the untreated control. )* : P<0.05((E) The percentage of beating clusters in continuous treatment of hESCs by 40 µg/ml rISL1 protein during days 1–8 after differentiation initiation in comparison with the control (vehicle-treated) group. The percentage of beating clusters in the rISL1-treated group was significantly higher than the untreated group at day 14 after plating (75±10% vs. 20±2.5%). )* : P<0.05((F) rISL1 treatment resulted in a 3.2±0.5 fold increase in the number of beating areas in comparison with untreated control group. rISL1 also caused a 2.2±0.4 fold increase in the other hESC line, Royan H6, which shows the reproducibility of this protocol for another hESC line. )* : P<0.05((G) In order to assess the expression of cardiac-specific genes, we collected samples at 3 stages: day 3 after plating (the day of rISL1 removal); day 14 after plating (day of maximum beating); and day 20 after plating (day that beating decreased and cells were mature) by qRT-PCR in two hESC lines. Target genes were normalized by the reference gene <i>Gapdh</i>. The relative expression was calculated by dividing the normalized target gene expression of treated hESCs with rISL1 protein and elution buffer (as control) with that of the undifferentiated state (day 0). All data are statistically significant in comparison with undifferentiated state (day 0) otherwise marked with “ns” (ns: P>0.05). a: P<0.05 in comparison with control group (elution buffer treated group). All data were represented as log2-linear plots.</p

Daily qRT-PCR analysis in aggregate differentiation of hESCs.

<p>Undifferentiated aggregates of hESCs were treated by Activin A for 1 day and then for 4 days by BMP4. At day 5, the aggregates were plated without cytokines. The data show the maximum expression of the mesoendodermal marker, <i>Brachyury</i>, one day after Activin A treatment (day 2 after differentiation initiation). By continuing differentiation with BMP4 for the next 4 days <i>Isl1</i>, a marker of precardiac mesoderm, and <i>Actinin</i> were reached to their highest expression level. <i>Isl1</i> expression was remained at high level for the next 3 days and by decreasing its expression, <i>Mef2c</i>, a cardiac progenitor marker showed its maximum expression and after that, other cardiac progenitor genes, <i>Gata4 Nkx2.5</i> and <i>Tbx5</i> reached to their highest expression level respectively. Finally, the expression of <i>MHC</i> and <i>cTnT</i>, which are structural cardiomyocytes markers, got to maximum level (Fig. 1). These data shows that 3-dimentional structures of the cells are very important for cardiac differentiation and aggregated differentiation method enhances cardiac differentiation and functionality.Target genes were normalized by the reference gene <i>Gapdh</i>. The relative expression was calculated by dividing the normalized target gene expression of the treated sample with that of the undifferentiated state (day 0). All data represented as log2-linear plots. All data are statistically significant otherwise marked with “ns” (P>0.05).</p

A Fresh Look at the Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromosome

The Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) aims to systematically map the entire human proteome with the intent to enhance our understanding of human biology at the cellular level. This project attempts simultaneously to establish a sound basis for the development of diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive medical applications. In Iran, current efforts focus on mapping the proteome of the human Y chromosome. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) is unique in many aspects and comprises 95% of the chromosome’s length. The MSY continually retains its haploid state and is full of repeated sequences. It is responsible for important biological roles such as sex determination and male fertility. Here, we present the most recent update of MSY protein-encoding genes and their association with various traits and diseases including sex determination and reversal, spermatogenesis and male infertility, cancers such as prostate cancers, sex-specific effects on the brain and behavior, and graft-versus-host disease. We also present information available from RNA sequencing, protein–protein interaction, post-translational modification of MSY protein-coding genes and their implications in biological systems. An overview of Human Y chromosome Proteome Project is presented and a systematic approach is suggested to ensure that at least one of each predicted protein-coding gene's major representative proteins will be characterized in the context of its major anatomical sites of expression, its abundance, and its functional relevance in a biological and/or medical context. There are many technical and biological issues that will need to be overcome in order to accomplish the full scale mapping

A Fresh Look at the Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromosome

The Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) aims to systematically map the entire human proteome with the intent to enhance our understanding of human biology at the cellular level. This project attempts simultaneously to establish a sound basis for the development of diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive medical applications. In Iran, current efforts focus on mapping the proteome of the human Y chromosome. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) is unique in many aspects and comprises 95% of the chromosome’s length. The MSY continually retains its haploid state and is full of repeated sequences. It is responsible for important biological roles such as sex determination and male fertility. Here, we present the most recent update of MSY protein-encoding genes and their association with various traits and diseases including sex determination and reversal, spermatogenesis and male infertility, cancers such as prostate cancers, sex-specific effects on the brain and behavior, and graft-versus-host disease. We also present information available from RNA sequencing, protein–protein interaction, post-translational modification of MSY protein-coding genes and their implications in biological systems. An overview of Human Y chromosome Proteome Project is presented and a systematic approach is suggested to ensure that at least one of each predicted protein-coding gene's major representative proteins will be characterized in the context of its major anatomical sites of expression, its abundance, and its functional relevance in a biological and/or medical context. There are many technical and biological issues that will need to be overcome in order to accomplish the full scale mapping

A Fresh Look at the Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromosome

The Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) aims to systematically map the entire human proteome with the intent to enhance our understanding of human biology at the cellular level. This project attempts simultaneously to establish a sound basis for the development of diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive medical applications. In Iran, current efforts focus on mapping the proteome of the human Y chromosome. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) is unique in many aspects and comprises 95% of the chromosome’s length. The MSY continually retains its haploid state and is full of repeated sequences. It is responsible for important biological roles such as sex determination and male fertility. Here, we present the most recent update of MSY protein-encoding genes and their association with various traits and diseases including sex determination and reversal, spermatogenesis and male infertility, cancers such as prostate cancers, sex-specific effects on the brain and behavior, and graft-versus-host disease. We also present information available from RNA sequencing, protein–protein interaction, post-translational modification of MSY protein-coding genes and their implications in biological systems. An overview of Human Y chromosome Proteome Project is presented and a systematic approach is suggested to ensure that at least one of each predicted protein-coding gene's major representative proteins will be characterized in the context of its major anatomical sites of expression, its abundance, and its functional relevance in a biological and/or medical context. There are many technical and biological issues that will need to be overcome in order to accomplish the full scale mapping