Time courses of monocyte subsets after stroke.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The overall number of circulating monocytes was increased. The percentages of (<b>B</b>) classical and (<b>C</b>) intermediate Mo were increased, whereas that of (<b>D</b>) non-classical Mo was decreased. Bars show the mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, t-test, compared to control. Control, n=24; day 0-2, n=36; day 3-7, n=35; day 12-16; n=33; day of hospital discharge, n=26.</p

Stroke subtypes and intermediate monocytes after hyperacute phase of stroke.

<p>(<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) A significantly elevated percentage of intermediate Mo in the CE group persisted until the day of discharge. *p<0.05, t-test, as compared to control. C: control; LAA: large artery atherosclerosis; CE: cardioembolism; SAO: small artery occlusion.</p

Stroke subtype and monocyte subsets from day 0-2 (hyperacute phase).

<p>(<b>A</b>) The overall monocyte counts in the LAA and CE groups were significantly increased as compared to the control. (<b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>D</b>) The percentages for the monocyte subsets in the CE group were significantly changed as compared to the control. Bars show the mean ± SEM. *p<0.05, t-test, compared to control. †p<0.05, ANOVA, compared to CE. C: control; LAA: large artery atherosclerosis; CE: cardioembolism; SAO: small artery occlusion.</p

Time courses of monocyte subsets regarding stroke complications.

<p>Classical and intermediate Mo were increased, while non-classical Mo were decreased. Patients were divided into (<b>A</b>) with or without PI, (<b>B</b>) excluding SAI, (<b>C</b>) and with or without SAI. *p<0.05, t test, compared to control. †p<0.05, t test, compared to other group in category. PI = progressing infarction, SAI = stroke-associated infection.</p

Analysis of monocyte subsets.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Monocytes were gated in a circle using forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) plots. (<b>B</b>) Classical monocytes were identified by high expression of CD14 and no expression of CD16 (CD14^highCD16^-), intermediate monocytes by high expression of CD14 and various levels of positivity for the CD16 molecule (CD14^highCD16⁺), and non-classical monocytes by scant expression of CD14 and high expression of CD16 (CD14 ^dimCD16^high). The proportions of each subset were evaluated by comparing the number of cells (dots) in the individual compartment to the total number of monocytes enclosed in the circle designated as P1.</p

Dynamics of pro-inflammatory cytokines after stroke.

<p>(<b>A</b>) In the SAI group (closed diamond), serum IL-6 levels were elevated from 0–7 days after stroke, (<b>B</b>) while serum IL-17A levels were elevated in the PI group without SAI (closed square) from 3–7 days after stroke.</p