Multiple regression analysis of factors associated with cpRNFLT, mRNFLT, GCIPLT, and GCCT in POAG (n = 57), in PXG (n = 15) and healthy (n = 30) subjects.

<p>Either cpRNFLT, mRNFLT, GCIPLT, or GCCT were set as the dependent variable, and age, sex, axial length, 30–2 sensitivity or 10–2 sensitivity, and diagnosis were set as the independent variables. B = partial regression coefficient. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval of partial regression coefficient. β = standardized partial regression coefficient. Adjusted R2 = adjusted coefficient of multiple determination.</p

Characteristics of the 102 study subjects, visual field parameters, and OCT parameters.

<p>Values correspond to mean ± standard deviation unless noted otherwise. * Difference between normal and glaucoma. †ANOVA ‡ Chi-square test.</p

Scatter plot graph showing the correlation of optical coherence tomography-measured circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness to 30–2 SAP-F-measured mean deviation (dB) (A) and 30–2 SAP-F-measured VF sensitivity (1/Lambert) (B), in normal, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) subjects.

<p>The formula used in the linear regression analysis of each subject subtype is also shown. Open triangles indicate normal subject data. Filled circles and an unbroken regression line indicate POAG subjects. Open circles and a dotted regression line indicate PXG subjects.</p

The correlation between visual field sensitivity and macular inner retinal thickness at each test point with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) displacement in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) subjects.

<p>The correlation was determined between VF sensitivity and mRNFLT, GCIPLT, and GCCT at each test point in the POAG patients, after adjustment for RGC displacement. The grayscale; r ranges are shown at the bottom right. Upper case characters indicate Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. Lower case characters indicate the P-values of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. T indicates temporal, N indicates nasal. The area surrounded by the red frame shows the 4 central points. The area surrounded by the blue frame shows the area within 5.8°. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P <0.01. Red letters indicate that the correlation was not significant. (A) Macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), (B) ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), (C) mRNFL + GCIPL (GCC).</p

The correlation between total deviation and macular inner retinal thickness at each test point with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) displacement in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) subjects.

<p>The correlation was determined between total deviation and mRNFLT, GCIPLT, and GCCT at each test point in the POAG patients, after adjustment for RGC displacement. The grayscale; r ranges are shown at the bottom right. Upper case characters indicate Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. Lower case characters indicate the P-values of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. T indicates temporal, N indicates nasal. The area surrounded by the red frame shows the 4 central points. The area surrounded by the blue frame shows the area within 5.8°. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P <0.01. Red letters indicate that the correlation was not significant. (A) Macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), (B) ganglion cell layer + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), (C) mRNFL + GCIPL (GCC).</p

Multiple regression analysis of factors associated with cpRNFLT, mRNFLT, GCIPLT, and GCCT in different stages of POAG (n = 57) and in PXG (n = 15).

<p>Either cpRNFLT, mRNFLT, GCIPLT, GCCT were set as the dependent variable, and age, sex, axial length, 30–2 sensitivity or 10–2 sensitivity, and diagnosis were set as the independent variables. B = partial regression coefficient. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval of partial regression coefficient. β = standardized partial regression coefficient. Adjusted R2 = adjusted coefficient of multiple determination.</p

Real-Time Measurement of Antiglaucoma Drugs in Porcine Eyes Using Boron-Doped Diamond Microelectrodes

The primary treatment for glaucoma, the most common cause of intermediate vision impairment, involves administering ocular hypotensive drugs in the form of topical eye drops. Observing real-time changes in the drugs that pass through the cornea and reach the anterior chamber of the eye is crucial for improving and developing safe, reliable, and effective medical treatments. Traditional methods for measuring temporal changes in drug concentrations in the aqueous humor employ separation analyzers such as LC–MS/MS. However, this technique requires multiple measurements on the eyes of various test subjects to track changes over time with a high temporal resolution. To address this issue, we have developed a measurement method that employs boron-doped diamond (BDD) microelectrodes to monitor real-time drug concentrations in the anterior chamber of the eye. First, we confirmed the electrochemical reactivity of 13 antiglaucoma drugs in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.4. Next, we optimized the method for continuous measurement of timolol maleate (TIM), a sympathetic beta-receptor antagonist, and generated calibration curves for each BDD microelectrode using aqueous humor collected from enucleated porcine eyes. We successfully demonstrated the continuous ex vivo monitoring of TIM concentrations in the anterior chambers of these enucleated porcine eyes. The results indicate that changes in intracameral TIM concentrations can be monitored through electrochemical measurements using BDD microelectrodes. This technique holds promise for future advancements in optimizing glaucoma treatment and drug administration strategies