Performance of GeneXpert as compared to gold standard conventional drug susceptibility test.

<p>Performance of GeneXpert as compared to gold standard conventional drug susceptibility test.</p

Summary of anti-tubercular drug susceptibility test.

<p>Summary of anti-tubercular drug susceptibility test.</p

TDR-funded and/or TDR-supported drug development research towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.

<p>TDR-funded and/or TDR-supported drug development research towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.</p

Understand the epidemiology: TDR-supported and/or TDR-authored research for elimination of VL in the Indian subcontinent.

<p>Understand the epidemiology: TDR-supported and/or TDR-authored research for elimination of VL in the Indian subcontinent.</p

Research and development model adopted by TDR for the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.

<p>Research and development model adopted by TDR for the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.</p

Strategic milestones achieved after adoption of the Regional Strategic Framework for Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination in the Indian subcontinent.

<p>Strategic milestones achieved after adoption of the Regional Strategic Framework for Visceral Leishmaniasis Elimination in the Indian subcontinent.</p

TDR engagement in development research for field-based RDT for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.

<p>TDR engagement in development research for field-based RDT for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent.</p

TDR contributions to VL elimination in the Indian subcontinent.

<p>TDR contributions to VL elimination in the Indian subcontinent.</p

Alcohol Consumption Practices among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Nepal: A Population Based Household Survey

<div><p>Background</p><p>Alcohol chemically known as ethanol, causes several health, economic and social consequences across the world. Literatures suggest potential harm of alcohol drinking by pregnant women especially to the fetus and the mother. Despite anumber of significant public health problems related to alcohol consumption, this area has been ignored in Nepal and information at the national level is limited. Thus this study aimed at finding the prevalence of alcohol consumption among married women of reproductive age.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A nationally representative household survey was carried out from April to August 2013 by taking 16 districts across all 15 eco administrative regions. From the selected districts, 86 village development committees and 14 municipalities were selected as primary sampling units using probability proportionate to size, followed by random selection of 3 wards from each primary sampling unit. Finally, 30 households within each ward were selected using systematic random sampling, and one married women of reproductive age from each household. A total of 9000 married women of reproductive age were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, on alcohol consumption practices including environmental factors and socio demographic characteristics and were included in the analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>National prevalence of alcohol consumption ever among married women of reproductive age was 24.7% (95% CI:21.7–28.0), last 12 months 17.9% (95% CI:15.3–20.7) and last 30 days (current drinking) 11.8% (95% CI:9.8–14.1). There was substantial variation among the districts ranging from 2% to 60%. Multivariable analysis suggests women with no education or within formal education, dalit and janajatis ethnicity, whose husbands drink alcohol, who brew alcohol at home and women from mountains were significantly at higher risk of consuming alcohol. Among the women who drank alcohol in last 12 months, a substantial proportion of them drank home brewed alcoholic beverages (95.9%, 95% CI:94.3–97.4).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Alcohol consumption was common practice among married women of reproductive age in Nepal with variation among the subgroups of population. Thus, further investigation and behavior change communication interventions to reduce alcohol consumption especially among the women with higher risk of drinking is essential.</p></div

Prevalence of alcohol consumption among MWRA by socio-demographic characteristics.

<p>Prevalence of alcohol consumption among MWRA by socio-demographic characteristics.</p