From prices to incomes: agricultural subsidization without protection?

Drawing on experience with direct income-support programs recently introduced in the European Union, Mexico, and the United States, the authors highlight problems that may arise when a developing economy's agricultural sector moves from price-based subsidies to income support programs. They conclude that income-support programs, despite their theoretical appeal, have many shortcomings and that developing countries may lack the support mechanisms needed to make them effective. The consequences of delinking support from current production decisions, even though fully expected, may be perceived as negative. Producers will undoubtedly face greater variation in prices, and as the ratio of output to input prices will be lower, a negative supply response for the crops affected may in turn reduce demand for agricultural labor. Finally, as with many types of support, the lion's share of support may go not to the target group most in need of support but to large producers. It is important to remember what a direct income-support mechanism does and does not do. Although it increases the income of subsistence landholders, it is not supposed to be a poverty reduction program. Nor is it supposed to be an investment program (as there is no provision for where and how the money will be spent). And because of its association with lower producer prices, it is not expected to induce sectoral growth. Instead, it is a transitional income-redistribution mechanism that could eventually transform agriculture into a fully liberalized sector that helps allocate resources more efficiently. And because it is linked to an asset -land- the lion's share of the payments will inevitably go to large farmers, subject to an upper limit (if such is in place).Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Labor Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Agricultural Research,Agribusiness&Markets,Environmental Economics&Policies

Aid for the Medically Indigent

In the following paper we discuss the ability of low income groups to purchase needed care, consider the private alternatives to government action, find these deficient, and hence review various proposals made to the Congress. Finally, we examine a proposal which, while originally propounded in the early Fifties, has received little attention in the recent debates. To the authors, it would seem the best approach to care for the indigent

Goede voorbeelden van onderwijsinnovatie met ICT

De poster presenteert onderzoek van de werkgroep Goede voorbeelden van de zone Faciliteren en professionaliseren van docenten die deel uitmaakt van het Versnellingsplan Onderwiijsinnovatie met ICT. De poster maakt deel uit van het postersymposium Faciliteren en professionaliseren van docenten op het gebied van onderwijsinnovatie met ICT: Mind the teacher! Dit symposium werd verzorgd op 8 juli 2021. Referentie: Wopereis, I., Hoetjes, IJ, Meerman, R., Leijdekkers, M., & Hiemstra, J. (2021, Juli 7-9). Goede voorbeelden van onderwijsinnovatie met ICT [Poster presentatie]. ORD 2021, Utrecht, Nederland

The global naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database

This dataset provides the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, ver-sion 1.2. Glo NAF represents a data compendium on th e occurrence and identit y of naturalizedalien vascular plant taxa across geographic regions (e.g. countries, states, provinces, districts,islands) around the globe. The dataset includes 13,939 taxa and covers 1,029 regions (including381 islands). The dataset is based on 210 data sources. For each ta x on-b y-region combination, wepr ovide information on whether the tax on is consider ed to be naturalized in the specific region(i.e. has established self-sustaining popula tions in the wild). Non-native taxa are marked as“alien”, when it is not clear whether they are naturalized. To facilitate alignment with other plantdatabases, we pro v ide f or each taxon the name as given in the original data source and the stan-dardized taxon and family names used by The Plant List Version 1.1 (http://www.theplantlist.org/). We pro vide an ESRI shapefile including polygons f or each region and informa tion on whetherit is an island or a mainland region, the country and the Taxonomic Databases Working Group(TDWG) regions it is part of (TDWG levels 1–4). We also provide several variables that can beused to filter the data according to quality and completeness of alien taxon lists, which varyamong the combinations of regions and da ta sources. A pre vious version of the GloNAF dataset(version 1.1) has already been used in several studies on, for example, historical spatial flows oftaxa between continents and geographical patterns and determinants of naturalization across dif-ferent taxonomic groups. We intend the updated and expanded GloNAF version presented hereto be a global resource useful for studying plant inv asions and changes in biodiversity from regio-nal to global scales. We release these data into the public domain under a Crea ti ve CommonsZer o license waiver (https://creati v ecommons.org/share-y our -work/public-domain/cc0/). Wheny ou use the da ta in your publication, we request that y ou cite this da ta paper. If GloN AF is amajor part of the data analyzed in your study, you should consider inviting the GloNAF coreteam (see Metadata S1: Originators in the Overall project description) as collaborators. If youplan to use the GloNAF dataset, we encourage y ou to contact the GloNAF core team to checkwhether there have been recent updates of the dataset, and whether similar analyses are already ongoing

Public Expenditure in Malaysia

xx.383 hal