Much Ado About the First Folio at Boise State

In the afternoon of Sat, Aug 20, the Ron and Linda Yanke Family Research Park building was alive with the First Folio in Idaho Grand Opening Carnival

HPLC chromatograms of the EEBP and the fraction containing the pungent ingredient.

<p>(A) The following major compounds were identified in the ethanol extract of Brazilian green propolis (EEBP) : <i>p</i>-coumaric acid, drupanin, artepillin C, and baccharin. (B) One peak was found at the same retention time as artepillin C in the fraction with the most pungent taste.</p

Pungency threshold of artepillin C by organoleptic examination.

<p>Pungency threshold of artepillin C by organoleptic examination.</p

Effects of artepillin C, baccharin, drupanin, and AITC on the responses of hTRPA1-expressing cells.

<p>The cellular responses to the test compounds were examined using a plate reader-based assay in the presence or absence of 50 µM HC-030031, a TRPA1-specific inhibitor, in hTPRA1-expressing cells (A) or Flp-in 293 cells (B). Each column represents the means ± S.E.M. (n = 4). ** indicates <i>p</i><0.01 for each substance (comparison between the absence and presence of HC-030031) (Tukey’s multiple comparison test; the equality of variances was tested using the Levene test). (C) Dose-response curves for hTRPA1 activation. The values represent the means ± S.E.M. (n = 3).</p

Effects of artepillin C, baccharin, drupanin, and capsaicin on the responses of hTRPV1-expressing cells.

<p>The cellular responses to the test compounds were examined using a plate reader-based assay in the presence or absence of 30 µM capsazepine in hTRPV1-expressing (A) or mock-transfected (B) HEK293T cells. Each column represents the means ± S.E.M. (n = 3). ** indicates <i>p</i><0.01 for each substance (comparison between the absence and presence of capsazepine) (Dunnett’s multiple comparison test; the equality of the variances was tested using the Bartlett’s test).</p

Effects of artepillin C, baccharin, drupanin, and capsaicin on the responses of hTRPV1-expressing cells.

<p>(A–C) Representative ratiometric images of Fura 2-loaded hTRPV1-expressing (A and B) and mock-transfected (C) HEK293T cells. The upper and lower columns indicate the images obtained before and after stimulation, respectively. The applied concentrations are indicated in the upper part of the panels. The responses were recorded in the absence (A and C) or presence (B) of 30 µM capsazepine, a TRPV1-specific inhibitor. (D) The responses to the test solutions were analyzed in 100 randomly selected cells. The values represent the means ± S.E.M. (n = 4). * or ** indicates <i>p</i><0.05 or 0.01 vs. buffer. (E) Sequential F340/F380 ratiometric values were measured for 40 random selected cells. The red line indicates that the value changed by more than 0.3.</p

The responses of human TRPA1-expressing cells to the application of the compounds in EEBP.

<p>(A–C) The compounds identified in the HPLC chromatogram were applied to hTRPA1-expressing (A and B) and Flp-In 293 cells (C). Representative ratiometric images of the cells obtained by the Ca²⁺ imaging analysis are shown in each panel. The upper and lower columns indicate the images obtained at approximately 2 and 22 sec after the stimulation, respectively. The applied concentrations are indicated in the upper part of the panels. The responses were recorded in the absence (A and C) or presence (B) of 50 µM HC-030031, a TRPA1-specific inhibitor. (D) The responses to the test solutions were analyzed in 100 randomly selected cells. The values represent the means ± S.E.M. (n = 4). ** indicates <i>p</i><0.01 vs. buffer. (E) Sequential F340/F380 ratiometric values were measured for 20 randomly selected cells. The red line indicates that the value changed by more than 0.3.</p

Chemical structures of <i>p</i>-coumaric acid, drupanin, artepillin C, baccharin, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and capsaicin.

<p>Chemical structures of <i>p</i>-coumaric acid, drupanin, artepillin C, baccharin, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), and capsaicin.</p

Effects of cinnamaldehyde (CALD) and methyl syringate (MS) on gastric emptying.

<p>Phenol red was administered 5 min after treatment with vehicle (1.5% methyl cellulose), CALD (0.1–80 mg/kg) and MS (0.1–10 mg/kg). Gastric emptying was evaluated by measuring the quantity of phenol red retained in the stomach 15 min after administration. Columns and vertical bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4); *<i>p</i><0.05 compared with the vehicle control.</p

Effects of cinnamaldehyde (CALD) or methyl syringate (MS) on plasma PYY and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) levels.

<p>Vehicle (1.5% methyl cellulose), CALD, or MS were administered orally to ICR mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg after fasting in the presence or absence of the TRPA1 antagonists RR and HC-030031. Plasma PYY (A) or GLP-1 levels (B) upon CALD and MS treatment alone or with the addition of RR and HC-030031 (C) were evaluated at 0 min and 15 min and relative values calculated. Columns and vertical bars represent means ± SEM (n = 4); *<i>p</i><0.05 compared with the vehicle control.</p