Computer simulation of field ion images of nanoporous structure in the irradiated materials

Computer simulation and interpretation of field ion microscopy images of ion irradiated platinum are discussed. Field ion microscopy technique provides direct precise atomic scale investigation of crystal lattice defects of atomically pure surface of material; at the same time it allows to analyze the structural defects in volume by controlled and sequential removal of surface atoms by electric field. Defects identification includes the following steps: at the first stage the type of crystalline structure and spatial orientation of crystallographic directions were determined. Thus, we obtain the data about exact position of all atoms of the given volume, i.e. the model image of an ideal crystal. At the second stage, the ion image was processed used the program to obtain the data about real arrangement of atoms of the investigated sample. At the third stage the program compares these two data sets, with a split-hair accuracy revealing a site of all defects in a material. Results of the quantitative analysis show that shape of nanopores are spherical or cylindrical, diameter on nanopores was varied from 1 to 5 run, their depth was fond to be from 1 to 9 nm. It was observed that nearly 40% of nanopores are concentrated in the subsurface layer 10 nm thick, the concentration of nanopores decreased linearly with the distance from the irradiated surface

Mathematical Models of Video-Sequences of Digital Half-Tone Images

This chapter is devoted to Mathematical Models (MM) of Digital Half-Tone Images (DHTI) and their video-sequences presented as causal multi-dimensional Markov Processes (MP) on discrete meshes. The difficulties of MM development for DHTI video-sequences of Markov type are shown. These difficulties are related to the enormous volume of computational operations required for their realization. The method of MM-DHTI construction and their statistically correlated video-sequences on the basis of the causal multi-dimensional multi-value MM is described in detail. Realization of such operations is not computationally intensive; Markov models from the second to fourth order demonstrate this. The proposed method is especially effective when DHTI is represented by low-bit (4-8 bits) binary numbers

Development of Nonlinear Filtering Algorithms of Digital Half-Tone Images

This chapter is devoted to solving the problem of algorithms and structures investigations for Radio Receiver Devices (RRD) with the aim of the nonlinear filtering of Digital Half-Tone Images (DHTI) representing the discrete-time and discrete-value random Markovian process with a number of states greater than two. At that, it is assumed that each value of the DHTI element is represented by the binary g-bit number, whose bits are transmitted via digital communication links in the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The authors present the qualitative analysis of the optimal DHTI filtering algorithm. The noise immunity of the optimal radio receiver device for the DHTI filtering with varying quantization and dimension levels is investigated

The redox transformations and nucleophilic replacements as possible metabolic reactions of the drug “Triazaverin”. The chemical modeling of the metabolic processes

As a model of metabolic transformations of antiviral drug “Triazaverin” and its analogues‑2-alkylthio‑6-nitro‑1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine‑7-ones 1a-d examined the oxidation of alkylthio groups to the corresponding sulfoxides 2a-d and sulfones 3a-d, as well as the process of nucleophilic substitution sulfonyloxy group of cysteine and cysteamine with the formation of compounds 5 and 6

Can the World Monetary System be Saved from Collapse by Monetary Gold

The world community is gripped by the expectation of significant changes in the international monetary system, which has been permanently in crisis for decades. The uncertainty of the future gives rise to a sense of impending catastrophe, which must be prepared now, finding reliable anchors for preserving capital and providing an equivalent exchange in commodity markets. Historically, during a period of aggravation of the crisis of the international monetary system, monetary gold invariably remains as a reliable anchor, which is due not only to its unique properties, but also to the mentality of economic entities of all levels. The article deals with the basis of the emergence and periodic aggravation of the crises of the international monetary system, the causes of the new exacerbation, and the changing role of monetary gold in the process of globalization of the world economy. The role of international reserves in the gold reserve in the maintenance of socio-political stability is shown, the reasons determining the need to preserve and increase the gold reserves of central banks are substantiated

Magnetically Mediated Transparent Conductors: In2_2O3_3 doped with Mo

First-principles band structure investigations of the electronic, optical and magnetic properties of Mo-doped In$_2$O$_3$ reveal the vital role of magnetic interactions in determining both the electrical conductivity and the Burstein-Moss shift which governs optical absorption. We demonstrate the advantages of the transition metal doping which results in smaller effective mass, larger fundamental band gap and better overall optical transmission in the visible -- as compared to commercial Sn-doped In$_2$O$_3$. Similar behavior is expected upon doping with other transition metals opening up an avenue for the family of efficient transparent conductors mediated by magnetic interactions