Methylthioadenosine reprograms macrophage activation through adenosine receptor stimulation

Regulation of inflammation is necessary to balance sufficient pathogen clearance with excessive tissue damage. Central to regulating inflammation is the switch from a pro-inflammatory pathway to an anti-inflammatory pathway. Macrophages are well-positioned to initiate this switch, and as such are the target of multiple therapeutics. One such potential therapeutic is methylthioadenosine (MTA), which inhibits TNFα production following LPS stimulation. We found that MTA could block TNFα production by multiple TLR ligands. Further, it prevented surface expression of CD69 and CD86 and reduced NF-KB signaling. We then determined that the mechanism of this action by MTA is signaling through adenosine A2 receptors. A2 receptors and TLR receptors synergized to promote an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as MTA enhanced LPS tolerance. In contrast, IL-1β production and processing was not affected by MTA exposure. Taken together, these data demonstrate that MTA reprograms TLR activation pathways via adenosine receptors to promote resolution of inflammation. © 2014 Keyel et al

Relativistic Laser-Matter Interaction and Relativistic Laboratory Astrophysics

The paper is devoted to the prospects of using the laser radiation interaction with plasmas in the laboratory relativistic astrophysics context. We discuss the dimensionless parameters characterizing the processes in the laser and astrophysical plasmas and emphasize a similarity between the laser and astrophysical plasmas in the ultrarelativistic energy limit. In particular, we address basic mechanisms of the charged particle acceleration, the collisionless shock wave and magnetic reconnection and vortex dynamics properties relevant to the problem of ultrarelativistic particle acceleration.Comment: 58 pages, 19 figure

Gamma-Ray Bursts

Gamma-ray bursts are the most luminous explosions in the Universe, and their origin and mechanism are the focus of intense research and debate. More than three decades after their discovery, and after pioneering breakthroughs from space and ground experiments, their study is entering a new phase with the recently launched Swift satellite. The interplay between these observations and theoretical models of the prompt gamma ray burst and its afterglow is reviewed.Comment: To appear in Rep. Prog. Phys., 74 pages, 11 figures, uses iopart.cls macros; revisions and updated reference

Intrapulpal venous injection. Pilot study

Relevance. The reason for the study was our histological specimen with intrapulpal dye injection from the monograph "Anesthesia in Endodontics". Outside the pulp chamber, in the root canal, the ink is diffusely distributed throughout the vessels. There was a hypothesis about the vascular nature of intrapulpal injection.Aim. Тo prove vascular mechanism intrapulpal injection.Materials and methods. A randomized prospective pilot study was performed in 15 patients (9 men, 6 women) with 15 teeth vital pulpectomy. Traditional anesthesia conducted articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100 000. When accessed in the pulpintroduced drop the same anesthetic. Heart rate was determined after 30 seconds for 3 minutes pulse oximeter MD 300.Results. There was expressed vascular reaction to intrapulpal introduction anesthetic with epinephrine. It has resulted in a sharp increase in pulse rate by an average of 11.3 beats /min, return to the original level after 3 minutes. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, we assume the vascular-venous nature of intrapulpal anesthesia