Nutrients Composition in Fit Snacks Made from Ostrich, Beef and Chicken Dried Meat

The aim of the study was to compare three types of meat snacks made from ostrich, beef, and chicken meat in relation to their nutrients content including fat, fatty acids, heme iron, and peptides, like anserine and carnosine, from which human health may potentially benefit. Dry meat samples were produced, from one type of muscle, obtained from ostrich (m. ambiens), beef (m. semimembranosus), and broiler chicken meat (m. pectoralis major). The composition of dried ostrich, beef, and chicken meat, with and without spices was compared. We show that meat snacks made from ostrich, beef, and chicken meat were characterized by high concentration of nutrients including proteins, minerals (heme iron especially in ostrich, than in beef), biologically active peptides (carnosine—in beef, anserine—in ostrich then in chicken meat). The, beneficial to human health, n-3 fatty acids levels differed significantly between species. Moreover, ostrich jerky contained four times less fat as compared to beef and half of that in chicken. In conclusion we can say that dried ostrich, beef, and chicken meat could be a good source of nutritional components.© 2018 by the author

Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries

The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self-esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy

Subjective status and perceived legitimacy across countries

The relationships between subjective status and perceived legitimacy are important for understanding the extent to which people with low status are complicit in their oppression. We use novel data from 66 samples and 30 countries (N = 12,788) and find that people with higher status see the social system as more legitimate than those with lower status, but there is variation across people and countries. The association between subjective status and perceived legitimacy was never negative at any levels of eight moderator variables, although the positive association was sometimes reduced. Although not always consistent with hypotheses, group identification, self-esteem, and beliefs in social mobility were all associated with perceived legitimacy among people who have low subjective status. These findings enrich our understanding of the relationship between social status and legitimacy

CSES Module 3 Full Release

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; race; ethnicity; region of residence; rural or urban residence Survey variables: most important issues of election; candidates competencies to deal with most important issues; difference who is in power and who people vote for; evaluation of governments performance; party and leader that represent respondent´s view best; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale; differences of choice options; campaign involvement; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; political information items DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary partie

International Social Survey Programme: Family and Changing Gender Roles IV - ISSP 2012

Familie und Wandel der Geschlechterrollen. Themen: Einstellung zur Berufstätigkeit von Müttern; Rollenverteilung von Mann und Frau in Beruf und Haushalt; präferierter Umfang der Berufsausübung von Frauen während verschiedener Phasen der Kindererziehung; Einstellung zu Ehe, zum Zusammenleben ohne Heirat sowie zu Scheidung; Einstellung zu Alleinerziehenden und Kinderbetreuung durch gleichgeschlechtliche weibliche und männliche Paare (alternative Familienformen); ideale Kinderzahl für eine Familie; Einstellungen gegenüber Kindern: Ansichten über die Bedeutung von Kindern für das Leben; Gleichstellung, Pflege und Sozialpolitik: Einstellung zu Elternzeit für Vollzeit arbeitende Eltern und präferierte Dauer der Elternzeit; Finanzierungsquelle für Elternzeit, präferierte Aufteilung der Elternzeit zwischen Mutter und Vater; bester Weg zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf für eine Familie mit einem Kind im Vorschulalter und die am wenigsten wünschenswerte Option; Hauptzahler für die Kinderbetreuung von Kindern im Vorschulalter (Familie selbst, Regierung oder aus öffentlichen Mitteln oder Arbeitgeber); Familie oder Institutionen, die in erster Linie Unterstützung bieten sollte für ältere Menschen; Hauptzahler für diese Hilfe für ältere Menschen; Zeitbudget für beide Partner für Arbeiten im Haushalt und die Betreuung von Familienangehörigen; Verwaltung der Einkünfte in der Ehe oder Partnerschaft; Verteilung von Pflichten im Haushalt und in Familienangelegenheiten; Bestimmung des Zeitanteils an der Hausarbeit; Entscheidungsgewalt innerhalb der Partnerschaft bei Wochenendaktivitäten und bei der Kindererziehung; Hauptverdiener (Partner mit höherem Einkommen); Belastung durch Familie, Arbeit und Haushalt; Einschätzung des allgemeinen persönlichen Glücks; Zufriedenheit mit der Arbeitssituation und dem Familienleben; Selbsteinschätzung der Gesundheit; Berufstätigkeit der Mutter während der Kindheit des Befragten; Erwerbstätigkeit des Befragten und des Ehepartners / Partners in verschiedenen Phasen der Kindererziehung. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Geburtsjahr; Jahre in der Schulbildung; Bildung (länderspezifisch); höchster Bildungsabschluss; Erwerbstätigkeit; wöchentliche Arbeitszeit; Arbeitsverhältnis; Anzahl der Mitarbeiter; Vorgesetztenfunktion; Anzahl der beaufsichtigten Mitarbeiter; Organisationsart (Profit / Non-Profit bzw. öffentlich / privat); Beruf (ISCO- 88); Haupterwerbsstatus; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Religionszugehörigkeit oder Konfession (länderspezifisch); Gruppen von Glaubensgemeinschaften; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Selbsteinstufung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; Beteiligung bei der letzten allgemeinen Wahl; Parteipräferenz (länderspezifisch) und Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Wahl; links-rechts-Einstufung der gewählten Partei; ethnische Zugehörigkeit (länderspezifisch); Anzahl der Kinder; Anzahl der Kleinkinder; Haushaltsgröße; Einkommen des Befragten (länderspezifisch); Familieneinkommen (länderspezifisch); Familienstand, Wohnsitz: Stadt- Land; Region (länderspezifisch). Informationen zum Ehepartner bzw. Partner bezüglich: Erwerbstätigkeit; Wochenarbeitszeit; Arbeitsverhältnis: Vorgesetztenfunktion; Beruf (ISCO-88); Haupterwerbsstatus; Bildung und Alter des derzeitigen Ehegatten bzw. Partners; Dauer der aktuellen Beziehung. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Interviewdatum; case substitution flag; Erhebungsmethode; Gewichtungsfaktor

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (2001-2006)

The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; election type; weighting factors; if multiple rounds: percent of vote selected parties received in first round; selection of head of state; direct election of head of state and process of direct election; threshold for first-round victory; selection of candidates for the final round; simple majority or absolute majority for 2nd round victory; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election Demography: age; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; attendance at religious services; race; ethnicity; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; rural or urban residence Survey variables: political participation during the recent election campaign (persuade others, campaign activities) and frequency of political participation; contacted by candidate or party during the campaign; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current election; most important issue; evaluation of governments performance concerning the most important issue and in general; satisfaction with the democratic process in the country; attitude towards selected statements: it makes a difference who is in power and who people vote for; democracy is better than any other form of government; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the previous election; judgement of the performance of the party the respondent voted for in the previous election; judgement how well voters´ views are represented in elections; party and leader that represent respondent´s view best; form of questionnaire (long or short); party identification; intensity of party identification; sympathy scale for selected parties; assessment of parties and political leaders on a left-right-scale; political participation during the last 5 years: contacted a politician or government, protest or demonstration, work with others who share the same concern; respect for individual freedom and human rights; assessment how much corruption is widespread in the country; self-placement on a left-right-scale; political information items DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district, number of candidates, number of party lists, percent vote of different parties, official voter turnout in electoral district MACRO-LEVEL DATA: percent of popular vote received by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percentage of official voter turnout; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; year of party foundation; ideological family the parties are closest to; European parliament political group and international organization the parties belong to; significant parties not represented before and after the election; left-right position of parties; general concensus on these left-right placements among informed observers in the country; alternative dimension placements; consensus on the alternative dimension placements; most salient factors in the election; consensus on the salience ranking; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; name of alliance and participant parties; number of elected legislative chambers; for lower house and upper house was asked: number of electoral segments; number of primary districts; number of seats; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; compulsory voting; votes cast; voting procedure; transferrable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; party threshold; used electoral formula; party lists close, open, or flexible; parties can run joint lists; possibility of apparentement; multi-party endorsements; ally party support; requirements for joint party lists; types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; head of state (regime type); year of presidential election (before or after this legislative election); process if indirect election; if by electoral college: selection of electors, deliberates, and voting procedure; if by legislature: chambers of the legislature, voting procedure; power of the head of state (introduce legislation, expedited action, package veto, partial veto, legislate by decree, emergency powers, negotiate agreements, commander of forces, introduce referenda, refer legislation to judiciary, legislative sessions); head of government (elected independently, is the head of state, selection method if not elected independently); authorities of the head of government concerning the composition of the cabinet (name ministers, nominate ministers, review ministerial nominations, dismiss ministers); authorities of the head of government concerning the policy making process (chair cabinet meetings, legislature schedules, policy alternatives, refers policy to committee, votes of confidence); methods of cabinet dismissal (head of state acting alone, by head of government alone, majority of legislature, plurality of legislature, combination); dissolution of legislature prior to regularly scheduled elections; dissolution of legislature by: head of state, head of government, majority of legislature, combination; restrictions on dissolving legislature (on the timing, as a response to action/inaction by the legislature); second chamber of the legislature (method of election, composition, exclusive legislative powers, power over the cabinet); constitutional federal structure; central power over peripher

CSES Module 1-3 Harmonized Trend File

Für weitere Informationen zur Variablenliste siehe die Dokumentation (Codebook) des CSES Module 1-3 Harmonized Trend File. Informationen zum Inhalt können den Studiennummern ZA5179 CSES Module 1 Full Release, ZA5180 CSES Module 2 Full Release, und ZA5181 CSES Module 3 Full Release entnommen werden

International Social Survey Programme: Citizenship II - ISSP 2014

Citizen and state. Topics: Qualities of a good citizen; attitude towards the right of public meetings for religious extremists, people who want to overthrow the government by force, or people prejudiced against any racial or ethnic group; social and political participation; frequency of media use to get political news or information; number of people the respondent has contact with in a typical week day; active and passive memberships in different kinds of groups or associations (a political party, a trade union, business, or professional association, a church or other religious organization, a sports, leisure or cultural group); importance of different people´s rights in democracy (scale); suggestibility of the political system and personal level of information about politics; estimation of political influence possibilities (political efficacy): likeliness of counter-action against an unjust law and expected chance of serious attention to people´s demand; interest in politics; left-right self-placement; trust in politicians and people in government; estimation of people’s fairness; frequency of political discussions with friends; opinion leadership in politics; political parties encourage people to become active in politics; real policy choice between parties; attitude towards a referendum as a good way to decide important political questions; level of honesty and fairness in the last national election; commitment to serve people in public service; corruption in the public service; functioning of democracy in the country at present, in the past and in the future.Optional: frequencies of media use (read the political content of a newspaper, watch political news on television, listen to political news on the radio, use the Internet to get political news or information). Demography: Sex; age; year of birth; years in school; education (country specific); highest completed degree; work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; number of employees; supervision of employees; number of supervised employees; type of organization: for-profit vs. non profit and public vs. private; occupation (ISCO-08); main employment status; living in steady partnership; union membership; religious affiliation or denomination (country specific); groups of religious denominations; attendance of religious services; top-bottom self-placement; vote in last general election; country specific party voted in last general election; party voted (left-right); self-assessed affiliation of ethnic group 1 and 2 (country specific); number of children; number of toddlers; size of household; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); father´s and mother´s country of birth; marital status; place of living: urban – rural; region (country specific). Information about spouse/partner on: Work status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; supervises other employees; occupation (ISCO-08); main employment status. Additionally encoded: Date of interview; case substitution flag; weight; mode of data collection; group (participation in data collection mixed mode experiment)

International Social Survey Programme: Health and Health Care - ISSP 2011

Beurteilung des Gesundheitssystems im Land. Persönliche Gesundheit.Gesundheitsversicherung. Themen: Lebenszufriedenheit (Glücklichsein); Vertrauen in dasBildungssystem und das Gesundheitssystem des Landes; Forderung nacheiner Änderung des Gesundheitssystems; Rechtfertigung besserermedizinischer Versorgung und Bildung für Personen mit höheremEinkommen; Beurteilung des Gesundheitssystems des Landes (Skala:Einschätzung der Verbesserung des Gesundheitssystems, Beanspruchung vonGesundheitsleistungen über den notwendigen Bedarf hinweg,Bereitstellung von Basisgesundheitsleistungen durch den Staat,ineffizientes Gesundheitssystem); Bereitschaft zur Zahlung höhererSteuern zur Erhöhung der Gesundheitsversorgung für alle im Land;Einstellung zur öffentlichen Finanzierung von vorbeugendenmedizinischen Checks, Behandlung von HIV/AIDS, Programmen zurVerhinderung von Fettleibigkeit sowie Organtransplantationen;Einstellung zum Zugang zu staatlich geförderter Gesundheitsversorgungfür Menschen mit fremder Staatsbürgerschaft bzw. selbstschädigendemGesundheitsverhalten; geschätzter Anteil von Menschen ohne Zugang zumGesundheitssystem; Ursachen schwerwiegender Gesundheitsprobleme(gesundheitsschädliches Verhalten, Umwelt, Gene, Armut); Einstellung zurBereitstellung einer Herzoperation für Patienten, die rauchen, dieschon alt sind sowie bei solchen mit jungen Kindern; Einstellung zualternativer Medizin (bessere Lösungen für Gesundheitsprobleme alskonventionelle Medizin, verspricht mehr als sie halten kann);allgemeine Beurteilung von Ärzten im Land (Skala: vertrauenswürdig,diskutieren sämtliche Behandlungsoptionen mit ihren Patienten, geringemedizinische Fähigkeiten, kümmern sich mehr um ihr Einkommen als umihre Patienten, Offenheit im Umgang mit Behandlungsfehlern); Häufigkeitvon Problemen in den letzten vier Wochen: in Bezug auf Arbeit oderHaushaltsaktivitäten aufgrund gesundheitlicher Probleme, körperlichstarke Schmerzen, Unglücklichsein und Depressionen, Verlust desSelbstvertrauens und unüberwindliche Probleme; Häufigkeit vonArztbesuchen und von Besuchen bei alternativen Heilpraktikern imletzten Jahr; Krankenhausaufenthalt im letzten Jahr; Gründe für nichterhaltene notwendige medizinische Behandlung (Zahlungsschwierigkeiten,zeitliche Schwierigkeiten oder andere Verpflichtungen, erforderlicheBehandlung ist am Wohnort nicht verfügbar, zu lange Wartelisten);Wahrscheinlichkeit des Zugangs zur bestmöglichen Behandlung im Land beieiner schweren Krankheit und zu freier Arztwahl; Zufriedenheit mit demGesundheitssystem im Land; Zufriedenheit mit dem letzten Arztbesuch,bei alternativen Heilpraktikern und mit dem letztenKrankenhausaufenthalt; Anzahl täglich gerauchter Zigaretten; Häufigkeitdes Konsums von vier oder mehr alkoholischen Getränken pro Tag;Häufigkeit anstrengender körperlicher Aktivitäten und des Konsums vonObst und Gemüse; Selbsteinschätzung der Gesundheit; chronischeKrankheit oder Behinderung; Größe und Gewicht; Art der persönlichenGesundheitsversicherung; Beurteilung des Schutzes der persönlichenGesundheitsversicherung. Optionale Fragen: Gesundheitsversicherung deckt ab: verordneteMedikamente, zahnmedizinische Versorgung und Krankenhausaufenthalte;Notwendigkeit einer Überweisung des Hausarztes vor dem Besuch einesFacharztes; Einschränkung sozialer Aktivitäten wegen gesundheitlicherProbleme. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Geburtsjahr; Jahre der Schulbildung;Schulbildung (länderspezifisch); höchster Bildungsgrad;Erwerbstätigkeit; Wochenarbeitszeit; Beschäftigungsverhältnis;Beschäftigtenzahl; Vorgesetztenfunktion; Anzahl der beaufsichtigtenBeschäftigten; Art der Organisation; Beruf (ISCO-88);Haupterwerbsstatus; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner;Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Konfession (länderspezifisch);Konfessionsgruppen; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Selbsteinschätzung auf einerOben-unten-Skala; Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Wahl und gewähltePartei (länderspezifisch); Einschätzung der gewählten Parteilinks-rechts; Ethnizität (länderspezifisch); Kinderzahl;Haushaltsgröße; Einkommen des Befragten (länderspezifisch);Haushaltseinkommen (länderspezifisch); Familienstand;Urbanisierungsgrad; Region (länderspezifisch). Für den Ehepartner bzw. Partner wurde erfragt: Erwerbstätigkeit;Wochenarbeitszeit; Beschäftigungsverhältnis; Vorgesetztenfunktion;Beruf (ISCO-88); Haupterwerbsstatus. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Interviewdatum; Case substitution flag;Erhebungsmethode; Gewichtungsfaktor

International Social Survey Programme: National Identity II - ISSP 2003

Questions on national consciousness and national identity. Topics: Identification with the town, the city, the region, the nationand with the respective continent; most important characteristics fornational identity; identification with one´s own nation and nationalpride (scale); perceived pride in the democracy of the country, thepolitical influence of the country in the world, the economicachievement, the social security system, the scientific achievements,the achievements in sports, the achievements in arts or literature, thearmed forces, the history and equal rights of all social groups insociety; preference for protective duty to support the nationaleconomy; attitude to the right of international institutions to enforcesolutions to be accepted nationally; attitude to enforcing nationalinterests regardless of evoking conflicts with other countries;rejection of acquisition of land by foreigners in one´s country;preference for national films in national television stations; damagedone by large international companies to the local business; attitudeto free trade; attitude to follow the decisions of internationalorganisations even if the local government does not agree with them;international organisations take away too much power from the country;availability of worldwide information as a benefit of the internet;importance of sharing national customs and traditions to achieve fullnationality; attitude to government support of national minorities topreserve their customs and habits; preference for assimilation ofminorities or retention of their identity; hostility to foreigners andprejudices against immigrants (scale); attitude to a reduction ofimmigration of foreigners; respondents citizenship; citizenship ofparents at birth of respondent; birthplace or citizenship of parentsshould allow naturalization of children; same rights for citizens andlegal immigrants; attitude towards stronger measures regarding illegalimmigrants; languages spoken at home; perceived ethnic affiliation andstrength of this feeling. Additional questions in EU states: Advantageousness of membership ofthe country in the EU; benefits from EU-membership; attitude towards apowerful EU-government. Demography: Sex; age; marital status; steady life-partner; years inschool, current employment status; current employment status of spouse;hours worked weekly; occupation of respondent and spouse (ISCO-88);respondent and spouse working for private, public sector orself-employed; supervisor function; union membership; household size;family income; respondents earnings; household composition;self-placement on a left-right continuum; party preference; vote lastelection; religious denomination; frequency of church attendance;self-placement on a top-bottom scale; region; town size, rural or urbanregion; ethnicity or nationality. Additionally encoded: Mode of data-collection