Inequalities' Impacts: State of the Art Review

By way of introduction This report provides the fi rm foundation for anchoring the research that will be performed by the GINI project. It subsequently considers the fi elds covered by each of the main work packages: ● inequalities of income, wealth and education, ● social impacts, ● political and cultural impacts, and ● policy effects on and of inequality. Though extensive this review does not pretend to be exhaustive. The review may be “light” in some respects and can be expanded when the analysis evolves. In each of the four fi elds a signifi cant number of discussion papers will be produced, in total well over 100. These will add to the state of the art while also covering new round and generating results that will be incorporated in the Analysis Reports to be prepared for the work packages. In that sense, the current review provides the starting point. At the same time, the existing body of knowledge is broader or deeper depending on the particular fi eld and its tradition of research. The very motivation of GINI’s focused study of the impacts of inequalities is that a systematic study is lacking and relatively little is known about those impacts. This also holds for the complex collection of, the effects that inequality can have on policy making and the contributions that policies can make to mitigating inequalities but also to enhancing them. By contrast, analyses of inequality itself are many, not least because there is a wide array of inequalities; inequalities have become more easily studied comparatively and much of that analysis has a signifi cant descriptive fl avour that includes an extensive discussion of measurement issues. @GINI hopes to go beyond that and cover the impacts of inequalities at the same time

Geographical distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors:an international collaborative survey

The frequency of infection with the six classified major genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was investigated in 447 infected volunteer blood donors from the following nine countries: Scotland, Finland, The Netherlands, Hungary, Australia, Egypt, Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Viral sequences in plasma from blood donors infected with HCV were amplified in the 5'-noncoding region and were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Electrophoresis of DNA fragments produced by cleavage with HaeIII-RsaI and ScrFI-HinfI allowed HCV types 1 (or 5), 2, 3, 4, and 6 to be identified. Further analysis with MvaI-HinfI allowed sequences of the type 5 genotype to be distinguished from sequences of type 1 genotype. Types 1, 2, and 3 accounted for almost all infections in donors from Scotland, Finland, The Netherlands, and Australia. Types 2 and 3 were not found in the eastern European country (Hungary), where all but one of the donors were infected with type 1. Donors from Japan and Taiwan were infected only with type 1 or 2, while types 1, 2, and 6 were found in those from Hong Kong. HCV infection among Egyptians was almost always by type 4. Donors infected with HCV type 1 showed broad serological reactivity with all four antigens of the second generation Chiron RIBA-2 assay (Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, Calif.), while infection with divergent HCV genotypes elicited antibodies mainly reactive to c22-3 and c33c. Reactivities with antibodies 5-1-1 and c100-3 were infrequent and were generally weak, irrespective of the geographical origin of the donor. Because the envelope region of HCV is even more variable than the NS-4 region, it is likely that vaccines based on these proteins need to be multivalent and perhaps specifically adapted for different geographical regions.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Magyarok Hatodik Jajja. Mellyel e’ romlott Nép, zokogta, zokogja ma-is M DC L VIII esztendöbéli, egy felöl Tatár Chamnak személje szerént Krimböl, számtalan sok Ezerekkel, Törökkel, Tatarral, Kozákkal, és a’ két Oláh Vajdával; más felöl Fö Vizernek Constantinápolyból, hasonló nagy sokasággal, dühöss indulatból=való réjá ütéseket, szörnyű égetéseket, öldökléseket, sarczoltatásokat, és szürü sok rablásokat. A’ mikor Boros-Jenöt=is, Káránsebesel, Lugassal &c. el-foglalván, Törökkel rakták-meg: Száz ezer Rabnál többet vittenek el; Erdélyt penig hallatlan, és el-viselhetetlen sarcz alá vetették: törvényes Fejedelmétől=is el-rekesztvén. Siralm. 4. v. 4. Felyhőt vetettél elődben, hogy által ne mennyen az imádság. Medgyesi Pál irta, és bizonyos Praedicatiokban foglalván praedicállotta, együt-is másut-is; legfőképpen a’ Sáros-Pataki Ecclesiában 1658, és 1659-dik-ben

RM I 8r 864/koll. 1-2: Magyarok hatodik jajja, : mellyel e' romlott nép zokogta, zokogja ma is MDCLVIII. esztendöbéli, egy felöl tatár chamnak ... Krimböl számtalan sok ezerekkel, törökkel, tatarral, kozákkal és a' két oláh vajdával; más felöl fö vizernek [sic!] Constantinápolyból hasonló nagy sokasággal, dühöss indulatból-való réjá ütéseket, szörnyü égetéseket, öldökléseket, sarczoltatásokat és szürü sok rablásokat: a’ mikor Boros-Jenöt-is, Káránsebesel, Lugassal etc. el-foglalván, törökkel rakták-meg, száz ezer rabnál többet vittenek-el, Erdélyt penig hallatlan és el-viselhetetlen sarcz alá vetették, törvényes fejedelmétöl-is el-rekesztvén ... / Medgyesi Pal irta, és bizonyos praedicatiokban foglalván praedicállotta együt-is másut-is; legföképpen a' Sáros-Pataki ecclesiában 1658 és 1659-dikben ; RM I 864/koll. 3: Joseph romlasa : avagy magyar nemzet MDCLVIII. esztendöbéli nagy pusztulásán, annak MDCLIX-ben nem kicsiny öregbülésén-való kesergése az Isten anyaszentegyházának ... / Praedikáltatott ... néhai boldogul ki-mult Ibranyi Ferencz teste felet, 29 Julii 1659-ben az ibrányi egy-házban Medgyesi Pal által ; RM I 8r 864/koll. 4: Gyözködö hit a' testen, e' világon, bünön, halálon, poklon és kárhozaton, Christusnak Isten jobjara öleseböl : praedicáltatott a' Sáros pataki ecclesiában Sz. Marc utolso részénec rend szerént-való magyarázásánac alkalmatosságával, 23 Junii 1658-ben ; RM I 8r 864/koll. 5: Isteni és istenes synat / többire valamint elöször az Saaros pataki ecclesiában 6. Junii 1655-ben el-praedicáltatott közönséges oktatásra és vigasztalásra Medgyesi Pál által ; RM I 8r 854/koll. 6: Tekentetes es nemzetes Vaji Ibranyi Ferencznek temetese, : melly lött Ibranyban, 29-dik Julii 1659-ben ..