Crystal chemistry of a Mg-vesuvianite and implications of phase equilibria in the system CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -H 2 O-CO 2 1

Chemical analysis (including H 2 , F 2 , FeO, Fe 2 O 3 ) of a Mg-vesuvianite from Georgetown, Calif., USA, yields a formula, Ca 18.92 Mg 1.88 Fe 3+ 0.40 Al 10.97 Si 17.81- O 69.0.1 (OH) 8.84 F 0.14 , in good agreement on a cation basis with the analysis reported by Pabst (1936). X-ray and electron diffraction reveal sharp reflections violating the space group P4/nnc as consistent with domains having space groups P4/n and P4nc. Refinement of the average crystal structure in space group P4/nnc is consistent with occupancy of the A site with Al, of the half-occupied B site by 0.8 Mg and 0.2 Fe, of the half-occupied C site by Ca, of the Ca (1,2,3) sites by Ca, and the OH and O(10) sites by OH and O. We infer an idealized formula for Mg-vesuvianite to be Ca 19 Mg(MgAl 7 )Al 4 Si 18 O 69 (OH) 9 , which is related to Fe 3+- vesuvianite by the substitutions Mg + OH = Fe 3+ + O in the B and O(10) sites and Fe 3+ = Al in the AlFe site. Thermodynamic calculations using this formula for Mg-vesuvianite are consistent with the phase equilibria of Hochella, Liou, Keskinen & Kim (1982) but inconsistent with those of Olesch (1978). Further work is needed in determining the composition and entropy of synthetic vs natural vesuvianite before quantitative phase equilibria can be dependably generated. A qualitative analysis of reactions in the system CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -H 2 O-CO 2 shows that assemblages with Mg-vesuvianite are stable to high T in the absence of quartz and require water-rich conditions (XH 2 O > 0.8). In the presence of wollastonite, Mg-vesuvianite requires very water-rich conditions (XH 2 O > 0.97).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75453/1/j.1525-1314.1985.tb00311.x.pd

The value of infrared thermography for research on mammals: previous applications and future directions

1: Infrared thermography (IRT) involves the precise measurement of infrared radiation which allows surface temperature to be determined according to simple physical laws. This review describes previous applications of IRT in studies of thermal physiology, veterinary diagnosis of disease or injury and population surveys on domestic and wild mammals.<br></br> 2: IRT is a useful technique because it is non-invasive and measurements can be made at distances of <1 m to examine specific sites of heat loss to >1000 m to count large mammals. Detailed measurements of surface temperature variation can be made where large numbers of temperature sensors would otherwise be required and where conventional solid sensors can give false readings on mammal coats. Studies need to take into account sources of error due to variation in emissivity, evaporative cooling and radiative heating of the coat.<br></br> 3: Recent advances in thermal imaging technology have produced lightweight, portable systems that store digital images with high temperature and spatial resolution. For these reasons, there are many further opportunities for IRT in studies of captive and wild mammals