5,794 research outputs found
Jupiter's radiation belts: Can Pioneer 10 survive?
Model calculations of Jupiter's electron and proton radiation belts indicate that the Galilean satellites can reduce particle fluxes in certain regions of the inner magnetosphere by as much as six orders of magnitude. Average fluxes should be reduced by a factor of 100 or more along the Pioneer 10 trajectory through the heart of Jupiter's radiation belts in early December. This may be enough to prevent serious radiation damage to the spacecraft
Absorption of trapped particles by Jupiter's moons
Absorption effects of the four innermost moons in the radial transport equations for electrons and protons in Jupiter's magnetosphere are presented. The phase space density n at 2 R sub J for electrons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg is reduced by a factor of 4.2 x 1000 when lunar absorption is included in the calculation. For protons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg, the corresponding reduction factor is 3.2 x 100000. The effect of the satellites becomes progressively weaker for both electrons and protons as equatorial pitch angles of pi/2 are approached, because the likelihood of impacting a satellite becomes progressively smaller. The large density decreases which we find at the orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede result in corresponding particle flux decreases that should be observed by spacecraft making particle measurements in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The characteristic signature of satellite absorption should be a downward pointing cusp in the flux versus radius curve at the L-value corresponding to each satellite
Fermi Level Position at Semiconductor Surfaces
There have been several recent reports of barrier height studies on metal-semiconductor interfaces. Metals of widely different work functions evaporated onto Si and GaAs surfaces indicated that in each case the energy difference
between the semiconductor conduction band edge
and Fermi level at the interface,φ_(Bn), was essentially
independent of the metal, which indicates
that the Fermi level is fixed by surface
states. In the present work barrier height measurements
have been made on a number of zinc-blende semiconductors to determine (a) if the barriers are in all cases determined by surface states, and (b) the relation between the Fermi
energy at the interface and the band gap E_g
Conduction Band Minima in AlAs and AlSb
The photoresponse of surface barrier rectifiers made by evaporating a metal such as gold or platinum on a cleaved surface of AlAs and AlSb has been measured in the front wall configuration. The photoresponse of such units for hv > E_g, where E_g is the energy gap, will be proportional to the absorption coefficient as long as the optical attenuation length is large compared to both the width
of the space-charge region and the minority carrier
diffusion length. The analysis is essentially
the same as that for p-n junctions with the exception
that the barrier is at the surface and hence
more sensitive to photons of high absorption coefficient.
Photoinjection of carriers from the metal into the semiconductor for photon energies where hv < E_g can also be observed
Voltage Dependence of Barrier Height in AIN Tunnel Junctions
We report measurements of barrier heights on
AI-AIN-Mg thin-film structures as a function of
applied voltage and insulator thickness. These results
are in disagreement with currently accepted
theories based upon image potential and/or field
penetration of the electrodes
Photoemission from Au and Cu into CdS
Many metal-semiconductor surface barrier rectifiers
show photosensitivity for photon energies (hv) less than the semiconductor energy gap (E_g).
Cases in the literature include metals evaporated
or electrodeposited on elemental and III-V
compound semiconductor surfaces. In these studies
the source of the low-energy photocurrent, when
hv < E_g, was shown to be the photoemission of
carriers over the Schottky barrier between the metal
film and the semiconductor. An extensive investigation
has been reported for a series of metals,
particularly Cu and Au, electroplated on n-type CdS
with the conclusion that here also photoemission
from the metal is responsible for most of the low-energy photovoltage. However, recent studies have
questioned this conclusion for the CdS case. One
study proposed that the origin of the low-energy
photovoltaic response is electron photoexcitation
from Cu impurities located in the CdS and within a
diffusion length of the space charge region. Hole
conduction probably in the 3d Cu levels was postulated
for these samples, which had ≈ 30-ppm Cu. A second study interpreted the results as a p·n junction photovoltaic effect
Conduction Band Minima of Ga(As_(1−x)P_x)
Photoresponse of surface barriers on samples of Ga(As_(1−x_P_x) covering the range 0≤x≤1 has been measured. Thresholds corresponding to both direct and indirect band-to-band excitations within the semiconductor and also photoinjection from the metal have been identified. The threshold of the direct transition varies with composition from 1.37 eV in GaAs to 2.65 eV in GaP. The indirect transition was followed for x≳0.38 and again varied linearly from 2.2 eV in GaP to an extrapolated value in 1.62 eV in GaAs. The energy separation of the two conduction band minima in GaAs is in disagreement with previously reported values
Fermi Level Position at Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces
The position of the Fermi level at a metal-semiconductor interface relative to the conduction band has been found to be a constant fraction of the semiconductor band gap for all but 3 of the 14 group IV or III-V semiconductors studied. In all cases, the position was essentially independent of the metal work function. This general result is not inconsistent with the limited theories of surface state energies now available. The three exceptional cases can be understood in terms of a first-order perturbation to the surface state energies correlated with a similar perturbation observed in the energy gap at the (111) zone edge. Experiments are also reported on Ga(As-P) alloys, and two II-VI materials showing distinctly different behavior
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Investigating the effects of inter-annual weather variation (1968- 2016) on the functional response of cereal grain yield to applied nitrogen, using data from the Rothamsted Long-Term experiments
The effect of weather on inter-annual variation in the crop yield response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer for winter wheat (Triticum aestivvum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was investigated using yield data from the Broadbalk Wheat and Hoosfield Spring Barley long-term experiments at Rothamsted Research. Grain yields of crops from 1968 to 2016 were modelled as a function of N rates using a linear-plus-exponential (LEXP) function. The extent to which inter-annual variation in the parameters of these responses was explained by variations in weather (monthly summarized temperatures and rainfall), and by changes in the cultivar grown, was assessed. The inter-annual variability in rainfall and underlying temperature influenced the crop N response and hence grain yields in both crops. Asymptotic yields in wheat were particularly sensitive to mean temperature in November, April and May, and to total rainfall in October, February and June. In spring barley asymptotic yields were sensitive to mean temperature in February and June, and to total rainfall in April to July inclusive and September.
The method presented here explores the separation of agronomic and environmental (weather) influences on crop yield over time. Fitting N response curves across multiple treatments can support an informative analysis of the influence of weather variation on the yield variability. Whilst there are issues of the confounding and collinearity of explanatory variables within such models, and that other factors also influence yields over time, our study confirms the considerable impact of weather variables at certain times of the year. This emphasizes the importance of including weather temporal variation when evaluating the impacts of climate change on crops
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