Lipogenic enzymes of rat liver and adipose tissue. Dietary variations and effect of polychlorinated biphenyls.

The lipogenic enzymes fatty acid synthase (FAS; EC 2.3.1.85), citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE; EC 4.1.3.8), malic enzyme (ME; EC 1.1.1.40), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGDH; EC 1.1.1.44) were investigated in liver and in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of Wistar rats under various dietary conditions and in the presence of 15 to 250 ppm (approximately 0.045-0.75 mumol/kg chow) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In response to refeeding starved animals, enzyme activities in both tissues increased to above normal levels and thereafter exhibited pronounced oscillations of their activities. The extent of increase depended on the carbohydrate and fat content of the diet. The lipogenic enzymes could be grouped in two categories according to their sensitivity to dietary carbohydrate: FAS and CCE responded faster to smaller changes in dietary composition, while ME, G6PDH and PGDH required larger changes and more time to respond. Diet-induced alterations of enzyme activities were of the same order of magnitude in liver and BAT. They were age-dependent, being more pronounced in young animals. Independent of the type of dietary manipulations, activities changed in a coordinate fashion, i.e., the changes of the activities of all 5 enzymes occurred at similar ratios to each other with an identical time course. Feeding PCB-containing diets resulted in a considerable increase of the activities of the lipogenic enzymes in liver, which was significantly greater with ME, G6PDH and PGDH. The effect was dose-dependent but transient. In liver the response to PCB feeding was identical in male and female animals, whereas in BAT lipogenic activities increased in females, but decreased in males. Refeeding starved animals with a PCB-containing diet led to an additional stimulation of the normal refeeding-induced increase of the enzyme activities in liver and BAT. This PCB-induced increase was 2-fold for FAS and CCE, but up to 15-fold for the other enzymes. All PCB-induced effects were significantly less pronounced in old than in young animals. In primary hepatocytes activities increased in hormone-free medium in the presence of PCBs. While activity was induced in insuline- and triiodothyronine-containing medium, this increase was significantly greater with PCBs present

MuSe 2021 challenge:multimodal emotion, sentiment, physiological-emotion, and stress detection

Abstract The 2nd Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MuSe) 2021 Challenge-based Workshop is held in conjunction with ACM Multimedia’21. Two datasets are provided as part of the challenge. Firstly, the MuSe-CaR dataset, which focuses on user-generated, emotional vehicle reviews from YouTube, and secondly, the novel Ulm-Trier Social Stress (Ulm-TSST) dataset, which shows people in stressful circumstances. Participants are faced with four sub-challenges: predicting arousal and valence in a time- and value-continuous manner on a) MuSe-CaR (MuSe-Wilder) and b) Ulm-TSST (MuSe-Stress); c) predicting unsupervised created emotion classes on MuSe-CaR (MuSe-Sent); d) predicting a fusion of human-annotated arousal and measured galvanic skin response also as a continuous target on Ulm-TSST (MuSe-Physio). In this summary, we describe the motivation, the sub-challenges, the challenge conditions, the participation, and the most successful approaches