Gene structure of MIPs from grass plants, <i>P</i>. <i>trichocarpa</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>thaliana</i>.

<p><b>Exon-intron organizations of <i>MIP</i> genes from grass plants are depicted for the PIP, TIP, NIP and SIP subfamilies.</b> The exon-intron pattern observed in the majority of <i>MIP</i>s within a subfamily is shown in gray background. In the parenthesis, the number of <i>MIP</i>s having that pattern is indicated for each plant species. For example, Pv (6/21) indicates that 6 out of 21 <i>PvPIP</i>s have the same gene structure. The members of homologue(s) are mentioned after the parenthesis. The six TM regions are shown in black bars and the loops B and E are shown in diamond shapes. The intron positions are indicated by inverted triangles.</p

NIPs and SIPs with unusual NPA motifs and the characteristic C-termini.

<p>NIPs and SIPs with unusual NPA motifs and the characteristic C-termini.</p

<i>MIP</i> genes in <i>P</i>. <i>Virgatum</i>.

<p><i>MIP</i> genes in <i>P</i>. <i>Virgatum</i>.</p

<i>MIP</i> genes in <i>S</i>. <i>italica</i>.

<p><i>MIP</i> genes in <i>S</i>. <i>italica</i>.</p

<i>MIP</i> genes in <i>S</i>. <i>biocolor</i>.

<p><i>MIP</i> genes in <i>S</i>. <i>biocolor</i>.</p

Grouping of MIPs based on the ar/R selectivity filter and FPs in the four grass plants and their expression profiles in different organs.

<p>The phylogenetic tree was generated as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0157735#pone.0157735.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. The residues in the ar/R selectivity filter and the FPs were selected from the 3D models as well as from the alignment shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0157735#pone.0157735.s002" target="_blank">S2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0157735#pone.0157735.s003" target="_blank">S3</a> Figs. The ar/R and FP groupings of PIPs (A), TIPs (B), NIPs (C), and SIPs (D), are indicated in the right side. # and * indicate the members of Group IB PIP and Group II TIP based on FPs, respectively. The non-aqua substrates predicted to be transported are mentioned. A, B, C, H, N, Sb, Si and U stand for arsenic, boron, CO₂, H₂O₂, ammonia, antimony, silicon and urea, respectively. Expression heatmap in different organs are shown in the right side. Expression levels are given as the FPKM values.</p

<i>MIP</i> genes in <i>B. distachyon</i>.

<p><i>MIP</i> genes in <i>B. distachyon</i>.</p

Evolutionary relationship of MIPs in the four grass plants.

<p>Phylogenetic analysis of all MIPs from the four grass plants is shown along with MIPs from poplar. The deduced amino acid sequences of MIPs were aligned using the Clustal Omega computer program and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Bootstrap Neighbor-Joining (1000 replicates) method and the genetic distance was estimated by the p-distance method. PIPs, TIPs, NIPs and SIPs from the four plants clustered with the corresponding PtMIP subfamilies. Each MIP subfamily is shown with a specific background color to distinguish them from others.</p

Chikungunya outbreak (2017) in Bangladesh: Clinical profile, economic impact and quality of life during the acute phase of the disease

<div><p>Background</p><p>Chikungunya virus causes mosquito-transmitted infection that leads to extensive morbidity affecting substantial quality of life. Disease associated morbidity, quality of life, and financial loss are seldom reported in resources limited countries, such as Bangladesh. We reported the acute clinical profile, quality of life and consequent economic burden of the affected individuals in the recent chikungunya outbreak (May to September 2017) in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We conducted a cross-sectional study during the peak of chikungunya outbreak (July 24 to August 5, 2017) to document the clinical profiles of confirmed cases (laboratory test positive) and probable cases diagnosed by medical practitioners. Data related to clinical symptoms, treatment cost, loss of productivity due to missing work days, and quality of life during their first two-weeks of symptom onset were collected via face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. World Health Organization endorsed questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 1,326 chikungunya cases were investigated. Multivariate analysis of major clinical variables showed no statistically significant differences between confirmed and probable cases. All the patients reported joint pain and fever. Other more frequently reported symptoms include headache, loss of appetite, rash, myalgia, and itching. Arthralgia was polyarticular in 56.3% of the patients. Notably, more than 70% patients reported joint pain as the first presenting symptom. About 83% of the patients reported low to very low overall quality of life. Nearly 30% of the patients lost more than 10 days of productivity due to severe arthropathy.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This study represents one of the largest samples studied so far around the world describing the clinical profile of chikungunya infection. Our findings would contribute to establish an effective syndromic surveillance system for early detection and timely public health intervention of future chikungunya outbreaks in resource-limited settings like Bangladesh.</p></div

Chikungunya outbreak (2017) in Bangladesh: Clinical profile, economic impact and quality of life during the acute phase of the disease - Fig 2

<p>The economic impact of chikungunya infection on days misses from work (A) and rating versus income ranges as 100% staked column (B). Respondents were asked to rate the chikungunya healthcare expenditure on their economic conditions on a numeric rating scale of 1 to 10. Rating 8–10, 5–7, 2–4 and 1 is considered as extreme, moderate, mild and no impact on economic conditions of respondents, respectively. One column in B illustrates the relative percentage of cases from different income ranges. The exchange rate of 1 USD is about 82 BDT.</p