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Not AvailableDigestible carbohydrate in fish feed has protein sparing effect and can reduce the protein requirement. In order to evaluate the effect of different carbohydrate level on the growth performance, physiology and amylase expression of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) juveniles, a 60 day feeding trial was undertaken. Two purified (isonitrogenous and isolipidogenic) diet with varying digestible carbohydrate level i.e. 20% (T1) and 40% (T2) were prepared and fed to respective groups. Weight gain %, SGR, FER, PER were higher in T2 group. Both the groups showed similar survival rate. In T2, HSI was significantly higher than T1 group. In haematological study, WBC cell numbers declined with the increasing carbohydrate level, whereas RBC and Haemoglobin levels were similar. Amylase activity of both the groups exhibited similar trend as highest activity was recorded on 30th day which decreased gradually. Amylase gene expression also showed similar trend as with enzyme activity, although gene expression were similar after 45 days of feeding. Considering the growth and physiological responses, carbohydrate level in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus diet can be safely increased up to 40%.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableMoringa oleifera (Lam.) is one of the most common medicinal plants and has wide uses in traditional medicine around the globe and its medicinal value due to availability of various phytochemical substances in different plant parts. The aim of the present study was to screen and quantify the amount of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and tannins in leaves and seeds of Moringa. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols and tannins were screened in aqueous, ethanol, methanol and chloroform extracts of leaves and seeds. The aqueous extract was found to be the best having all five constituents. The finding of the study gives an indication to expect pharmacological role for Moringa leaves and seeds that can be seen as a potential source of useful drugsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableA 60-days feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the utilisation of sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) for replacement of de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in the diets of rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. SPLM has good protein content (22.12%) and digestible energy content (11.81 MJ kg-1). Five iso-nitrogenous (30%) and iso-caloric diets (13.5 MJ kg-1) were prepared by replacing DORB with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) at 0% (C), 25% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3) and 100% (T4). Each dietary treatment was tested in triplicates with 12 fingerlings per tank, following completely randomised design. The growth performance and feed utilisation parameters viz., weight gain % (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly different (p>0.05) among treatments. The digestive enzyme activity remained unaffected except amylase activity, which increased significantly in 50% SPLM replacement group (T2). Chymotrypsin decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the treatment groups. Metabolic enzymes viz., ATPase activity of liver increased significantly (p<0.05) whereas ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity in the intestine had irregular pattern. The present study indicates that DORB can be completely replaced by SPLM without affecting growth performance and digestive enzyme activity in the diet of L. rohita.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA 60-day feeding trial was conducted to illustrate the effect of suboptimal crude pro-tein (CP) levels on growth and physio- metabolic status of Anabas testudineus finger-lings reared in inland saline water (ISW) at 8 g/L salinity. Six isoenergetic (16 MJ/kg) and isolipidic (60 g/kg) diets with 240 (T24), 260 (T26), 280 (T28), 300 (T30), 320 (T32) and 340 (T34) g suboptimal CP/kg diet were formulated. Weight gain (%) and specific growth rate were significantly higher (p < .05) in T32 and T34 groups. Feed conver-sion ratio was significantly lower (p < .05) in T30 and T32 group than the other groups. The protein utilizing efficiency was significantly (p < .05) decreased beyond 320 g CP/kg diet. The protease activity was significantly increased (p < .05) up to 320 g CP/kg diet, whereas amylase activity was significantly higher (p < .05) in 240–260 g CP/kg diets. The transaminase enzyme activities were significantly higher (p < .05), and en-ergy demanding enzymes were significantly lower (p < .05) in 300–340 g CP/kg diets. Fish of T24 and T26 groups had lowest (p < .05) glycogen, erythrocyte count and total protein with highest (p < .05) glucose and antioxidant enzyme activities. In conclusion, feeding 320 g CP/kg diet is recommended for cost-effective growth of A. testudineusreared in ISW at 8 g/L salinity.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTrifolium alexandrinum is commonly called as Berseem. It has been used to prepare berseem leaf meal (BLM) and leaf protein concentrate (BLPC). Proximate analysis revealed that the crude protein level in BLM and BLPC were 23.98% and 41.67% respectively. Level of anti-nutritional factor especially saponin content in BLM and BLPC were found to be 0.91% and 0.71% respectively. The alkaloids were higher in BLPC (5.55%) and BLM (3.46%). It has been recorded that saponin content reduced to 0.40% in BLM on 24 hours of water soaking. Evidence from the present study suggests that BLM and BLPC can be used as a good protein source in aquafeedNot Availabl

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Not AvailableA 60 days feeding trial was conducted to illustrate the effect of graded levels of protein on the growth and metabolic enzymes of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) fin-gerlings reared in inland saline water (ISW). Six isoenergetic (16 MJ/kg) and isolipidic (60 g/kg) diets containing 240, 260, 280, 300, 320 and 340 g crude protein (CP)/kg diet were formulated and fed to triplicate. Weight gain %, specific growth rate, pro-tein utilizing efficiency, feed efficiency and RNA:DNA ratio were significantly higher (p .05) variations were observed for lactate dehydrogenase, oxida-tive stress enzymes, blood parameters and serum osmolality among all the treatment groups, but red blood cell count increases with increasing dietary CP levels. Based on the results, feeding dietary protein level of 300 g CP/kg is economically viable for rearing of grey mullet in ISW.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA 45-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of feeding graded level of gelatinized starch (GS) on stress parameters, growth and immunity of Labeo rohita. Fish were fed with four semi-purified diets containing 30% crude protein with graded level of gelatinized starch, 30% (T1), 35% (T2), 40% (T3) and 45% (T4). The results exhibited higher weight gain % (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in 45% GS fed group (T4) with significantly (p < 0.05) lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR). The blood NBT and serum complement 3 (C3), serum protein, albumin and globulin contents were increased with the increase in GS level in the diet. The SOD, catalase, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in liver increased significantly (p > 0.05) with the increasing level of GS in the diet. In addition, the high carbohydrate level (CHO) 40% and 45% significantly upregulated the mRNA level of immune related genes like Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFkB) and Interleukin (IL8) in both liver and kidney. Furthermore, highest percentage of survival was found in T4 group after challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila followed by T3 group. The results of the present study suggest that Labeo rohita fingerlings can utilize the high digestible carbohydrate upto 45% without af- fecting growth and immunity.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA 60-day feeding trial was conducted to illustrate the effect of dietary protein lev-els on the growth and physio-metabolic responses of juvenile Litopenaeus vannameireared in inland saline water (ISW). Six isoenergetic (15 MJ/kg) and isolipidic (60 g/kg) diets with graded level of crude protein viz., 240 (T240), 260 (T260), 280 (T280), 300 (T300), 320 (T320) and 340 (T340) g/kg diet were formulated. Significantly higher (p< .05) weight gain (%), specific growth rate, with lower food conversion ratio were found in T320 and T340 groups. The protein utilizing efficiency and whole-body pro-tein content were significantly higher (p< .05) in the T320 group. Trypsin activity increased with the increasing dietary CP level but amylase activity decreased with the increasing dietary CP level. Transaminase enzymes, haemolymph protein and haemocyanin were elevated in T320 and T340 groups. The lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities were significantly higher (p< .05) in the T240 group. Shrimp of T240 group had the lowest (p< .05) glycogen and total haemocyte count with highest (p< .05) haemolymph glucose and antioxidant enzymes activities than the other groups. Based on the results, feeding 320 g CP/kg is found to be opti-mum for supporting maximum growth and health status of L. vannamei reared in ISW at 8 g/L salinity. The finding of the present study will help in developing a low-cost feed for L. vannamei reared in ISW.Not Availabl

Lipotropes Protect against Pathogen-Aggravated Stress and Mortality in Low Dose Pesticide-Exposed Fish

<div><p>The decline of freshwater fish biodiversity corroborates the trends of unsustainable pesticide usage and increase of disease incidence in the last few decades. Little is known about the role of nonlethal exposure to pesticide, which is not uncommon, and concurrent infection of opportunistic pathogens in species decline. Moreover, preventative measures based on current knowledge of stress biology and an emerging role for epigenetic (especially methylation) dysregulation in toxicity in fish are lacking. We herein report the protective role of lipotropes/methyl donors (like choline, betaine and lecithin) in eliciting primary (endocrine), secondary (cellular and hemato-immunological and histoarchitectural changes) and tertiary (whole animal) stress responses including mortality (50%) in pesticide-exposed (nonlethal dose) and pathogen-challenged fish. The relative survival with betaine and lecithin was 10 and 20 percent higher. This proof of cause-and-effect relation and physiological basis under simulated controlled conditions indicate that sustained stress even due to nonlethal exposure to single pollutant enhances pathogenic infectivity in already nutritionally-stressed fish, which may be a driver for freshwater aquatic species decline in nature. Dietary lipotropes can be used as one of the tools in resurrecting the aquatic species decline.</p></div

Tertiary stress response to low dose endosulfan-exposure in <i>L. rohita</i> fish fingerlings unfed or fed with lipotropes for 37 days: Body weights.

<p>Data from three tubs expressed as Mean ± SE.</p