4,634 research outputs found
The Interaction between the ISM and Star Formation in the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 4214
We present the first interferometric study of the molecular gas in the
metal-poor dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4214. Our map of the 12CO(1-0) emission,
obtained at the OVRO millimeter array, reveals an unexpected structural wealth.
We detected three regions of molecular emission in the north-west (NW),
south-east (SE) and centre of NGC 4214 which are in very different and distinct
evolutionary stages (total molecular mass: 5.1 x 10^6 M_sun). These differences
are apparent most dramatically when the CO morphologies are compared to optical
ground based and HST imaging: massive star formation has not started yet in the
NW region; the well-known starburst in the centre is the most evolved and star
formation in the SE complex started more recently. We derive a star formation
efficiency of 8% for the SE complex. Using high--resolution VLA observations of
neutral hydrogen HI and our CO data we generated a total gas column density map
for NGC 4214 (HI + H_2). No clear correlation is seen between the peaks of HI,
CO and the sites of ongoing star formation. This emphasizes the irregular
nature of dwarf galaxies. The HI and CO velocities agree well, so do the
H-alpha velocities. In total, we cataloged 14 molecular clumps in NGC 4214. Our
results from a virial mass analysis are compatible with a Galactic CO-to-H_2
conversion factor for NGC 4214 (lower than what is usually found in metal-poor
dwarf galaxies).Comment: accepted for publication in the AJ (February 2001), full ps file at:
ftp://ftp.astro.caltech.edu/users/fw/ngc4214/walter_prep.p
How can we reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV during invasive obstetric procedures?
Antenatal invasive obstetric procedures may be diagnostic or therapeutic, and are performed at different stages of pregnancy for various indications. The most common indication for an invasive procedure during pregnancy is for fetal karyotyping when a chromosomal abnormality or a genetic defect is suspected, either from the couple’s history or from ultrasound assessment of the fetus. Other less common but equally important indications may be diagnostic (fetoscopy, fetal tissue sampling, estimation of fetal haemoglobin) or therapeutic (aspiration of various fetal cavities, fetal blood transfusion and embryo reductions). In a high HIV prevalence setting like South Africa, a significant proportion of pregnant women in need of invasive procedures will be HIV-infected
Acceptability of the female condom in different groups of women in South Africa - A multicentred study to inform the national female condom introductory strategy
Objectives. To assess the acceptability of the female condom to different groups of women and their partners in South Africa. Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting. Multicentre study conducted in five sites. Subjects. The study recruited 678 women from five centres-to an acceptability trial of the female condom. Acceptability and successful use varied between the centres. Outcome measures. Factors affecting successful use and willingness and intention to use the method again. Results. In total, 209 women used the condom at least once. Discontinuation rates were high, with partner reluctance to try the method as the main reason given for discontinuation at all sites. Women who had previous experience with the male condom or who received a more intensive training session generally found the device easier to use. The main issues concerning women were over-lubrication (27%) and concern that the device was too large (28%). The majority of women said that they would be interested in using the method again (86%) and would recommend it to friends (95%). Conclusions. Overcoming partner opposition is an important issue to address when introducing the method. The study was used to address the national introductory strategy of the female condom, which began in 1998
Acceptability of the female condom in different groups Of women in South Africa-A Multicentred study to inform the national female condom introductory strategy
Objectives. To assess the acceptability of the female condom to different groups of women and their partners in South Africa.Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional study.Setting. Multicentre study conducted in five sites.Subjects. The study recruited 678 women from five centres to an acceptability trial of the female condom. Acceptability and successful use varied between the centres. Outcome measures. Factors affecting successful use and willingness and intention to use the method again.Results. In total, 209 women used the condom at least once. Discontinuation rates were high, with partner reluctance to try the method as the main reason given for discontinuation at all sites. Women who had previous experience with the male condom or who received a more intensive training session generally found the device easier to use. The main issues concerning women were over-lubrication (27%) and concern that the device was too large (28%). The majority of women said that they would be interested in using the method again (86%) and would recommend it to friends (95%).Conclusions. Overcoming partner opposition is an important issue to address when introducing the method. The study was used to address the national introductory strategy of the female condom, which began in 1998
Transcriptome Complexities Across Eukaryotes
Genomic complexity is a growing field of evolution, with case studies for
comparative evolutionary analyses in model and emerging non-model systems.
Understanding complexity and the functional components of the genome is an
untapped wealth of knowledge ripe for exploration. With the "remarkable lack of
correspondence" between genome size and complexity, there needs to be a way to
quantify complexity across organisms. In this study we use a set of complexity
metrics that allow for evaluation of changes in complexity using TranD. We
ascertain if complexity is increasing or decreasing across transcriptomes and
at what structural level, as complexity is varied. We define three metrics --
TpG, EpT, and EpG in this study to quantify the complexity of the transcriptome
that encapsulate the dynamics of alternative splicing. Here we compare
complexity metrics across 1) whole genome annotations, 2) a filtered subset of
orthologs, and 3) novel genes to elucidate the impacts of ortholog and novel
genes in transcriptome analysis. We also derive a metric from Hong et al.,
2006, Effective Exon Number (EEN), to compare the distribution of exon sizes
within transcripts against random expectations of uniform exon placement. EEN
accounts for differences in exon size, which is important because novel genes
differences in complexity for orthologs and whole transcriptome analyses are
biased towards low complexity genes with few exons and few alternative
transcripts. With our metric analyses, we are able to implement changes in
complexity across diverse lineages with greater precision and accuracy than
previous cross-species comparisons under ortholog conditioning. These analyses
represent a step forward toward whole transcriptome analysis in the emerging
field of non-model evolutionary genomics, with key insights for evolutionary
inference of complexity changes on deep timescales across the tree of life. We
suggest a means to quantify biases generated in ortholog calling and correct
complexity analysis for lineage-specific effects. With these metrics, we
directly assay the quantitative properties of newly formed lineage-specific
genes as they lower complexity in transcriptomes.Comment: 33 pages main text; 6 main figures; 25 pages of supplement; 1
supplementary table; 24 Supp Figures; 58 pages tota
Use of a miniature diamond-anvil cell in a joint X-ray and neutron high-pressure study on copper sulfate pentahydrate
Single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction data are usually collected using separate samples. This is a disadvantage when the sample is studied at high pressure because it is very difficult to achieve exactly the same pressure in two separate experiments, especially if the neutron data are collected using Laue methods where precise absolute values of the unit-cell dimensions cannot be measured to check how close the pressures are. In this study, diffraction data have been collected under the same conditions on the same sample of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, using a conventional laboratory diffractometer and source for the X-ray measurements and the Koala single-crystal Laue diffractometer at the ANSTO facility for the neutron measurements. The sample, of dimensions 0.40 × 0.22 × 0.20 mm(3) and held at a pressure of 0.71 GPa, was contained in a miniature Merrill–Bassett diamond-anvil cell. The highly penetrating diffracted neutron beams passing through the metal body of the miniature cell as well as through the diamonds yielded data suitable for structure refinement, and compensated for the low completeness of the X-ray measurements, which was only 24% on account of the triclinic symmetry of the sample and the shading of reciprocal space by the cell. The two data-sets were combined in a single ‘XN’ structure refinement in which all atoms, including H atoms, were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. The precision of the structural parameters was improved by a factor of up to 50% in the XN refinement compared with refinements using the X-ray or neutron data separately
How to suppress undesired synchronization
It is delightful to observe the emergence of synchronization in the blinking
of fireflies to attract partners and preys. Other charming examples of
synchronization can also be found in a wide range of phenomena such as, e.g.,
neurons firing, lasers cascades, chemical reactions, and opinion formation.
However, in many situations the formation of a coherent state is not pleasant
and should be mitigated. For example, the onset of synchronization can be the
root of epileptic seizures, traffic congestion in communication networks, and
the collapse of constructions. Here we propose the use of contrarians to
suppress undesired synchronization. We perform a comparative study of different
strategies, either requiring local or total knowledge of the system, and show
that the most efficient one solely requires local information. Our results also
reveal that, even when the distribution of neighboring interactions is narrow,
significant improvement in mitigation is observed when contrarians sit at the
highly connected elements. The same qualitative results are obtained for
artificially generated networks as well as two real ones, namely, the Routers
of the Internet and a neuronal network
X-ray states and radio emission in the black hole candidate XTE J1550-564
We report on radio and X-ray observations of the black hole candidate (BHC)
XTE J1550-564 performed during its 2000 X-ray outburst. Observations have been
conducted with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) and have allowed us
to sample the radio behavior of XTE J1550-564 in the X-ray Low Hard and
Intermediate/Very High states. We observed optically thin radio emission from
XTE J1550-564 five days after a transition to an Intermediate/Very High state,
but we observed no radio emission six days later, while XTE J1550-564 was still
in the Intermediate/Very High state. In the Low Hard state, XTE J1550-564 is
detected with an inverted radio spectrum. The radio emission in the Low Hard
state most likely originates from a compact jet; optical observations suggest
that the synchrotron emission from this jet may extend up to the optical range.
The total power of the compact jet might therefore be a significant fraction of
the total luminosity of the system. We suggest that the optically thin
synchrotron radio emission detected five days after the transition to the
Intermediate/Very High state is due to a discrete ejection of relativistic
plasma during the state transition. Subsequent to the decay of the optically
thin radio emission associated with the state transition, it seems that in the
Intermediate/Very High state the radio emission is quenched by a factor greater
than 50, implying a suppression of the outflow. We discuss the properties of
radio emission in the X-ray states of BHCs.Comment: 15 pages, including 3 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ,
scheduled for the vol. 553 Jun 1, 2001 issu
Urban environmental exposures during the first 2000 days of life as a foundation for health across the life-course: a scoping review
Objectives: By 2030, 60% of the global population is expected to live in urban areas. Exposure to urban environments during the first 2000 days of life can have positive or negative health outcomes across the life course. Understanding the types of urban exposures that influence health outcomes is needed to guide research priorities for public health and urban planning. This review aims to summarise the published research examining the health outcomes of all urban environmental exposures during the first 2000 days of life, identify the quantity and characteristics of research in this area, methods used, and knowledge gaps. Methods: We conducted a scoping review using the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Eight databases were searched for peer-reviewed primary studies. Inclusion criteria were studies that measured maternal, infant and child exposure to everyday urban environment features and conditions in cities/metropolitan areas during the first 2000 days of life and reported offspring health outcomes across the life course, including embryo, fetal/ newborn, infant, child, adolescent, and adult outcomes. We used Covidence software for data screening and extraction. Study characteristics and findings were summarised using tables and narrative synthesis. Results: We reviewed 235 articles, which included studies conducted across 41 countries, the majority in the US (n = 63). A broad range of environmental exposures were studied, spanning seven categories: air pollution; energy-based pollution; atmosphere, chemical and metal exposure; neighbourhood-built and natural environment features; neighbourhood community conditions; and residential living conditions. Air pollution was the most studied exposure type (n = 153 studies). Health outcomes were reported for all life stages except adults, with fetal/ newborn outcomes the most studied life stage (n = 137). Conclusions: We found that most research investigating urban environmental exposures in the first 2000 days and health outcomes across the life course focused on air pollution exposures and fetal/ newborn health outcomes, using correlational retrospective cohort designs. Few studies included multiple environmental exposures. There is a clear need for more longitudinal research to determine the health impacts of multiple urban environmental exposures across the life course. This will assist in developing urban design and planning strategies and population health to mitigate health risks across the life course
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