The FIRE Project

The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project's (ISCCP) First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) project is a program to validate the cloud parameters derived by the ISCCP. The 4- to 5-year program will concentrate on clouds in the continental United States, particularly cirrus and marine stratocumulus clouds. As part of the validation process, FIRE will acquire satellite, aircraft, balloon, and surface data. These data (except for the satellite data) will be amalgamated into one common data set. Plans are to generate a standardized format structure for use in the PCDS. Data collection will begin in April 1986, but will not be available to the general scientific community until 1987 or 1988. Additional pertinent data sets already reside in the PCDS. Other qualifications of the PCDS for use in this validation program were enumerated

A graphics approach in the design of the dual air density Explorer satellites

A computer program was developed to generate a graphics display of the Dual Air Density (DAD) Explorer satellites which aids in the engineering and scientific design. The program displays a two-dimensional view of both spacecraft and their surface features from any direction. The graphics have been an indispensable tool in the design, analysis, and understanding of the critical locations of the various surface features for both satellites

In situ ozone data for evaluation of the laser absorption spectrometer ozone remote sensor: 1979 southeastern Virginia urban plume study summer field program

Ozone data from the 1979 Southeastern Virginia Urban Study (SEV-UPS) field program are presented. The SEV-UPS was conducted for evaluation of an ozone remote sensor, the Laser Absorption Spectrometer. During the measurement program, remote-sensor evaluation was in two areas; (1) determination of the remote sensor's accuracy, repeatability, and operational characteristics, and (2) demonstration of the application of remotely sensed ozone data in air-quality studies. Data from six experiments designed to provide in situ ozone data for evaluation of the sensor in area 1, above, are presented. Experiments consisted of overflights of a test area with the remote sensor aircraft while in situ measurements with a second aircraft and selected surface stations provided correlative ozone data within the viewing area of the remote sensor

Fortilin Binds IRE1α and Prevents ER Stress from Signaling Apoptotic Cell Death

The endoplasmic reticulum, the cytoplasmic organelle that matures a massive amount of nascent secretory polypeptides, is particularly sensitive to stress. Endoplasmic reticulum stress causes unfolded proteins to populate the organelle, eliciting the unfolded protein response. During the unfolded protein response, GRP78—an endoplasmic reticulum master stress regulator—detaches from three endoplasmic reticulum stress sensors (IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6) and allows them to activate the apoptotic signaling pathway. Fortilin, a pro-survival molecule, is known to inhibit apoptosis by binding and inhibiting p53, but its role in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis remains unknown. Here, we report that fortilin directly interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of IRE1α, inhibits both kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) activities of the stress sensor, and protects cells against apoptotic cell death at both cellular and whole animal levels. Our data support a role of fortilin in the unfolded protein response and its potential participation in human diseases caused by unfolded protein response

In Dedication to Dean Dillard: Man of Depth and Style

It is eminently fitting that an issue of the Virginia Law Review designed to make a serious contribution to legal education should be dedicated to Dean Hardy Dillard. For some forty years Dean Dillard has been a distinguished leader in the pioneering efforts in this country to create a more realistic and viable jurisprudence and to put that jurisprudence into effective application in improved legal education. It would be as impossible as unnecessary even to attempt here to describe the many different roles in which Dean Dillard has asserted leadership. Throughout his career he has been a powerful teacher, both in the classroom and in other associations, greatly affecting the more fundamental perspectives of all his audiences. His scholarly publications upon subjects of the greatest variety—international law, jurisprudence, contracts, torts, general philosophy, legal education, and so on—have since the early thirties poured forth in steady and, happily, increasing volume. For these several decades, first as an influential member of the faculty and more recently as dean, he has had a major hand in shaping the destinies of a great national law school. In a time of urgent national crisis he took the indispensable initiative in establishing an important, and enduring, center for training and inquiry in military law and government. He has represented and advised his government on matters of the highest importance both as a military officer and as a civilian. He has been active in the professional organizations of the bar, at both national and local levels, and has held high executive position in influential private associations, such as the American Society of International Law and the Association of American Law Schools. He has lectured in great universities abroad and served as consultant to large philanthropic foundations. Finally, as inimitable friend and mentor, he has stimulated many associates to enlarge their aspirations and capabilities and, hence, to make contributions which might otherwise have been beyond them. To the performance of all these different roles, it must be added, Dean Dillard has brought, in a manner quite distinctive to him, the deepest empathy for his fellowman, an abundance of wit and humor, and an extraordinary grace and felicity in style

Criteria for a Theory About Law

In many areas of inquiry about social process today scholars are engaged in creating comprehensive and well-articulated frames of reference— general orientations or conceptual maps —designed to guide and assist in the conduct of studies. Different scholars in different areas seek of course to serve many different intellectual functions or purposes through this creation of new and more effective theory, but in a burgeoning literature, certain broad purposes appear with high frequency: the identification of the scholar or observer in relation to the events being observed, with specification of his standpoint and purposes; the delineation of relevant foci for inquiry, with location of the particular events being subjected to inquiry in the larger context of events with which they interact; the specification of a range of intellectual tasks pertinent to inquiry about any aspect of social process, including: clarification of goals, description of trends, analysis of conditions, projection of future developments, and invention and evaluation of alternatives; the development of dependable and economic procedures for performing the intellectual tasks regarded as relevant; and the postulation and explicit disclosure of the comprehensive goal values assumed in, or sought to be served by, inquiry