Antipsychotic Use in Pregnancy: Patient Mental Health Challenges, Teratogenicity, Pregnancy Complications, and Postnatal Risks

Pregnant women constitute a vulnerable population, with 25.3% of pregnant women classified as suffering from a psychiatric disorder. Since childbearing age typically aligns with the onset of mental health disorders, it is of utmost importance to consider the effects that antipsychotic drugs have on pregnant women and their developing fetus. However, the induction of pharmacological treatment during pregnancy may pose significant risks to the developing fetus. Antipsychotics are typically introduced when the nonpharmacologic approaches fail to produce desired effects or when the risks outweigh the benefits from continuing without treatment or the risks from exposing the fetus to medication. Early studies of pregnant women with schizophrenia showed an increase in perinatal malformations and deaths among their newborns. Similar to schizophrenia, women with bipolar disorder have an increased risk of relapse in antepartum and postpartum periods. It is known that antipsychotic medications can readily cross the placenta, and exposure to antipsychotic medication during pregnancy is associated with potential teratogenicity. Potential risks associated with antipsychotic use in pregnant women include congenital abnormalities, preterm birth, and metabolic disturbance, which could potentially lead to abnormal fetal growth. The complex decision-making process for treating psychosis in pregnant women must evaluate the risks and benefits of antipsychotic drugs

Prescription Stimulants in College and Medical Students: A Narrative Review of Misuse, Cognitive Impact, and Adverse Effects

Stimulants are effective in treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatrist Charles Bradley first made this discovery in 1937 when he found that children treated with amphetamines showed improvements in school performance and behavior. Between 1995 and 2008, stimulants to treat ADHD increased six-fold among American adults and adolescents at an annual rate of 6.5%. Stimulants without a prescription, known as nonmedical use or misuse, have also increased. The highest rates of nonmedical prescription drug misuse in the United States are seen most notably in young adults between 18 and 25 years, based on data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration in 2021. Aside from undergraduate students, nonmedical prescription stimulant use is prevalent among medical students worldwide. A recent literature review reported the utilization of stimulants without a prescription in 970 out of 11,029 medical students. The percentages of medical students across the country misusing stimulants varied from 5.2% to 47.4%. Academic enhancement, reported in 50% to 89% of college students with stimulant misuse, is the most common reason for nonmedical stimulant use. With the increasing use of stimulants among adolescents and adults, it is unclear what long-term outcomes will be since little data are available that describe differences in how side effects are experienced for prescribed and non-prescribed users. The present narrative review focuses on these adverse effects in this population and the reasonings behind misuse and nonmedical use

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO DETERMINING THE SUITABILITY OF WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS FOR JOINT-FIRES DISTRIBUTED MARITIME OPERATIONS

This capstone explored options for two different communications architectures in support of a distributed maritime operation (DMO). Those architectures were the star and wireless mesh networks. The purpose of the scenario models developed for this study was to help give the reader a better understanding of how the tightly coupled data type, data rate, and desired network capabilities impact the network design. This study evaluated each architecture against a variety of assets in the scenarios requiring a combination of video, voice, and data links. It provided insight into the messaging delays inherent to each design and evaluated the reliability of each network. It found that a star and mesh network with a low Earth orbit satellite that utilized onboard routing capabilities provided the lowest timing delay. It also found that network jitter was minimized when a video feed was provided with a dedicated channel. Finally, the reliability of the mesh network was slightly higher than that of the traditional star due to redundancy of data links and a lack of a potentially vulnerable central hub. Therefore, the utilization of an ad hoc wireless mesh communications network will support the deployment of an adaptive force package during a limited offensive joint fires strike in a DMO.http://archive.org/details/systemsengineeri1094563484Civilian, Department of the ArmyCivilian, SPAWAR - ND-04Civilian, Department of the ArmyApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Supplement 2. Simplified R script file illustrating the calibration of the dry spectra PLSR models and associated uncertainty analysis.

<h2>File List</h2><div> <p><a href="PLSR_Modeling.R">PLSR_Modeling.R</a> (md5: 5d2d52dc59ca769a02d54b1b94cf6f40)</p> </div><h2>Description</h2><div> <p>PLSR_Modeling.R contains example R code illustrating the initial calibration of the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) models as well as the associated model validation and uncertainty analyses.</p> </div

Appendix B. Analysis of the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model residuals.

Analysis of the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model residuals

Supplement 1. The resulting PLSR model coefficients (and their uncertainties) for predicting foliar traits using leaf-level dried and ground spectral reflectance data.

<h2>File List</h2><div> <p><a href="PLSR_Model_Coefficients.csv">PLSR_Model_Coefficients.csv</a> (MD5: f08d202ddec2d8250d8153cc56ffa0ab)</p> </div><h2>Description</h2><div> <p>The PLSR_Model_Coefficients.csv file is a comma-delimited file. It contains the resulting PLSR model coefficients (and their uncertainties) for predicting foliar traits using leaf-level dried and ground spectral reflectance data. The full model represents the coefficients generated using the full calibration data set (i.e., all samples) while the mean and standard deviation (S.D.) are derived from the 1000× jackknife models using a 70/30 split of the full calibration data set. Cells without numbers show where wavelengths were not utilized in the PLSR modeling.</p> </div

Appendix A. Comparisons of model accuracies with literature, species-wise estimates of canopy foliar traits,comparisons of models built with different canopy weighing schemes, comparisons of spatial predictions of foliar traits.

Comparisons of model accuracies with literature, species-wise estimates of canopy foliar traits,comparisons of models built with different canopy weighing schemes, comparisons of spatial predictions of foliar traits

Appendix A. List of tree species and their estimated functional trait values.

List of tree species and their estimated functional trait values