Western Coal: Energy vs Agriculture

Development of western coal by strip mining uses land now in agricultural production, but the amount so used is not large relative to the total land resource. The cost of reclaiming mined land is substantially higher than the value of agricultural benefits, but other benefits, not measured, help offset costs

University Tuition Fee Policy Tools

The two main priorities of a liberal state’s tuition policy are accessibility and equality: accessibility for all qualified students; and equality among publicly funded universities. This article analyses the policy tools that the state can use to directly or indirectly control tuition fees to best address accessibility. The article discusses the regulatory, economic and informational tuition policy tools used around the world and discusses their application in Ontario, Australia and England, based on each jurisdiction’s history and existing funding model for higher education. The article concludes with an analysis of the current trends in tuition fee policy tools

Vegetative propagation of acanthus: physiological-anatomical studies in regeneration

The present work, while dealing with the origin of the regenerated organs, pursues the subject further and following the developmental anatomical features of these members subsequent to their initiation, shows how their internal construction is influenced in the first place by the internal organisation of the parent axis from which they arise, and secondly (in the case of roots) by the external environmental conditions in which they are produced. That the normal ontogenetic processes of an organ have/an influence on its regenerative phenomena is shown, especially in the case of leaf propagation, and in view of such a fact it has been found necessary to describe in some detail the differentiation of tissues occurring in the root and shoot as they pass from their embryonic condition to the attainment of maturity. These previously mentioned papers have shown how remarkably plastic this plant is when considered from the viewpoint of vegetative propagation; the present paper shows an equally remarkable plasticity in internal tissue organisation, and as the facts emerge it becomes very suggestive that the two sets of phenomena cannot be considered apart. Lastly, several points encountered during the investigation of leaf propagation suggested that an interesting comparison might be made between the anatomical changes occurring therein and the anatomy of the seedling. Accordingly, seedlings were raised, and as these exhibit some points of interest other than those for which they were originally intended, a fuller account of their development is given than was originally considered necessary

A study of the felt need of parents for parent education in child care, which might be met by a hospital program

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

Dry Edible Beans: Production and Marketing, Red River Valley

Marketing, Production Economics,

Tampon Operation for Chronic Prolapsus Vaginae

On March 24, 1953, a Hereford cow and her one week old heifer calf were admitted to the Stange Memorial Clinic

Tibetan Women’s Experiences with Childbirth: A Comparative Study of Present-Day Shangri-La and Previous Studies in Tibetan Communities

What are the experiences of Tibetan women living in and around Shangri-La with pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood? In order to explore this topic, one must first understand the context in which this topic exists: Tibetan Buddhism and culture. This paper gives a short background on women and the female body in Tibetan Buddhism, the Tibetan Medical system, and the current accessibility and regulation of hospitals, before entering into the topic of Tibetan women’s experiences with childbirth. The experiences and traditional practices of childbirth are important, as birth is universally significant as well as particularly religiously significant in Tibetan Buddhism, and the idea of cultural preservation is highly relevant to our globalized world, particularly China. Additionally, previous studies on Tibetan childbirth are not located within Yunnan, generally outdated, and do not include new hospital regulations. My field work was located primarily in Shangri-La, with additional study in three other Tibetan areas within Diqing Prefecture. Observation and contextual study of the areas I worked in and the residents of those areas was crucial to better understanding my topic, which led me to include Tibetan women I observed for extended periods of time within my list of human resources (Appendix A). Officially, I had twelve interviews, but a total of seventeen human resources. My findings turned out significantly different from how I had originally anticipated, and very different from previous studies on Tibetan birthing traditions. It is because of these differences that this paper is a comparative exploration of different aspects of the birthing process depicted in previous literature and from my own field work. In what ways are my findings different, and why might the discrepancy between my study and previous studies exist

Engineers: Problem Solving in Society

Engineering is an often mysterious profession. For me, engineering is a rewarding and challenging career where I can see that my work has a positive impact on the natural environment and the people who use it and sometimes even make a mess of it

Persistence and fate of acidic hydrocarbons in aquatic environments : naphthenic acids and resin acids

The novel application of combination, or two stage, photochemical and microbial degradation systems for removal of resin acids from natural river water and single stage photolysis for degradation of naphthenic acids in natural river water was investigated. The organic compounds included in this project comprise naphthenic acid model compounds and mixtures as well as four resin acids. Naphthenic acids are crude oil-derived and accumulate to significant concentrations (>100 mg/L) in tailings pond water at oil sands extraction facilities. Resin acids are pulp and paper mill-derived compounds that tend to persist at low levels in receiving waters. For each compound group, analytical methods utilizing liquid chromatography negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) were developed. The main hurdle to developing analytical methods for the naphthenic acids and resin acids are related to their polarity, complexity, and lack of available standards for the various individual components. As well, co-extractives, such as humic and fulvic acids, tend to interfere with the detection of naphthenic acids in aquatic samples (Headley et al., 2002a). Resin acid mixtures are not as complex as the naphthenic acids, although each group of hydrocarbon acids may include several isomeric compounds. The application of photochemical degradation prior to biodegradation was proven to be effective here for rapid degradation of the resin acids. In general, the resin acid precursors were more susceptible to the photolysis than were the naphthenic acids. Through thermal maturation and increased complexity, the naphthenic acids seemingly become more resistant to degradation, as evidenced by their commercial use as anti-microbial agents and the observed resistance to photolysis noted in this research. The results of this research may be significant for the design of staged treatment for reduced microbial shock loading and increased bioavailability (defined here as the ability of microbial organisms to degrade the target contaminants) in both bioremediation systems and receiving waters. Specifically, four selected pulp and paper mill-associated resin acids were exposed to several ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectrum radiation sources in water collected from the River Saale in Germany. Background resin acid concentrations were observed in water collected in 2001 and 2002 from various locations along the well-forested River Saale and a manuscript detailing these results published. Analyses of water samples collected in the pulp and paper milling region of the river (in the state of Thuringia) indicated that resin acids persist through biodegradation treatment systems and for several hundred kilometres downstream. All four resin acids were degraded by facile photochemical and microbial degradation with pseudo-first-order kinetics. Half-life values were in the ranges of 18 to 200 minutes for photolysis applications, 8 to 40 hours for biodegradation applications and 3 to 25 hours for two-stage photochemical-microbial degradation processes, in which photolysis was limited to three hours. From these results, it was shown conclusively that photolysis pre-treatment is a viable and efficient method for reducing both resin acid concentrations and the associated acute toxicity. The naphthenic acids investigated in this study were not effectively degraded via UV/vis radiation, including UV-A/UV-B radiation between 300-400 nm, near-monochromatic UV254-radiation, full spectrum artificial solar radiation and natural sunlight. The photochemical degradation potential of three model naphthenic acid compounds and three naphthenic acid mixtures (one extract from the Athabasca Oil Sands and two commercial mixtures) were examined in Athabasca River water. Photolysis at UV254 was the most successful degradation source in all instances, although most naphthenic acids were not significantly degraded by any of the radiation sources. Therefore, it was determined that photolysis is not likely to contribute significantly to environmental degradation and attenuation in the aquatic ecosystem. The results observed from the various naphthenic acids photodegradation processes, coupled with their low affinity for adsorption to soils, reveal that naphthenic acids are likely to persist in the water column. However, UV/vis radiation is capable of significantly changing the composition of mixtures in the aquatic ecosystem, but not reducing overall naphthenic acid concentrations. This may not be a beneficial as there is the potential for increased toxicity toward the lower molecular weight naphthenic acids