Shuttle active thermal control system development testing. Volume 6: Water ejector plume tests

Results are given of vacuum testing of nozzles designed to eject water vapor away from the space shuttle to prevent contamination of the spacecraft surfaces and payload. The water vapor is generated by an active cooling system which evaporates excess fuel cell water to supplement a modular radiator system (MRS). The complete heat rejection system including the MRS, flash evaporator or sublimator and nozzle were first tested to demonstrate the system operational characteristics. The plume tests were performed in two phases and the objectives of this test series were: (1) to determine the effectiveness of a supersonic nozzle and a plugged nozzle in minimizing impingement upon the spacecraft of water vapor exhausted by an active device (flash evaporator or sublimator); and (2) to obtain basic data on the flow fields of exhaust plumes generated by these active devices, both with and without nozzles installed

Applications of HCMM data to soil moisture snow and estuarine current studies

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Application of HCMM data to soil moisture snow and estuarine current studies

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Revisiting Claim and Issue Preclusion in Washington

When it comes to the law of claim and issue preclusion, Washington courts and practitioners encounter rules and precedent that tend to be unnecessarily complicated, overly broad, and even—in some instances—simply wrong. Three decades ago, Professor Philip Trautman urged Washington courts to clarify and modernize the doctrine. A fresh look at the topic suggests that while courts have been receptive to the professor’s advice, the goal of a clear and usable body of preclusion law will require more work. Specifically, Washington courts should address three problems. First, they should simplify the test for claim preclusion, eliminating redundant and confusing elements to make the test more consistent with prevailing modern rules. Instead of clinging to a four-element test that includes a four-factor subtest, the courts should simply examine identity of parties and claims, and should use a transactional test to determine claim-identity. Second, Washington courts should abandon the discredited doctrine of virtual representation, which has bound nonparties to the results of actions in which they either testified or had an advisory role. This use of nonparty preclusion violates litigants’ due process rights, and wastes resources by encouraging litigants to argue the theory even though it is rarely a successful defense. While it might be defensible to preclude nonparties when the earlier action involved an assertion of public rights, courts should proceed with caution, and ensure that Washington’s current rule applies only in the most limited circumstances. Third, Washington courts need to consider Full Faith and Credit principles in every case that involves a judgment from another state or federal court. Ignoring these principles has led courts to apply the wrong preclusion law to judgments of other courts, a practice that harms litigants and undermines the legitimacy of the courts’ decisions

PROMPT FISSION NEUTRON ENERGY SPECTRUM OF n+\u3csup\u3e235\u3c/sup\u3eU

Despite nuclear fission prominence in nuclear physics, there are still several fundamental open questions about this process. One uncertainty is the energy distribution of neutrons emitted immediately after fission. In particular the relative energy distribution of neutrons above 8~MeV has been difficult to measure. This experiment measured the prompt neutron energy spectrum of n+235U from 3-10~MeV. The measurement took place at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and used a double time-of-flight technique to measure both the beam and fission neutron kinetic energies. Fission event timing was measured with a parallel plate avalanche counter. The fission neutron time-of-flight was measured with 2~m long plastic scintillation detectors. By combining the time-of-flight information with a known flight path the kinetic energy spectrum of neutrons was measured. To eliminate backgrounds various time-of-flight and energy cuts were imposed and an accidental coincidence background was subtracted. An MCNP simulation, including the 2~m neutron detector geometry, was done using the Madland and Nix model as the input energy distribution for the simulated neutrons. Finally, the measured energy spectrum was compared with the MCNP simulated n+235U fission neutron energy spectrum

A DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE VELOCITY-TIME HISTORY OF ATHLETES

Measurements of the velocity-time histories of sprinters and jumpers are valuable to coaches of these events, but the devices which have been developed to make such measurements are too expensive for most athletics programs. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the use of a relatively inexpensive device for measuring the velocity-time history of straight away sprinters, long jumpers, triple jumpers, and pole vaulter

EVOLUTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND APPROACH RUN VELOCITY IN THE WOMEN'S POLE VAULT

The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between approach run velocity and crossbar height for women pole vaulters from 1995 to 1997 and from 1997 to 2003. Videorecords of vaults were used to compute the average interval velocities from 9 to 4 m from the back of the vault box. The average 1997-2003 vault was 0.33 m/s or 4.5% faster and 51 cm or 14.1 % higher. Height was significantly correlated to approach run velocity. Linear regression equations predicting height from velocity were computed for each dataset. For a velocity of 8.25 m/s, the regression equations predicted a height 35 cm higher for the 1997-2003 vaults. Improvements in women's vaulting technique have been largely responsible for the increase in vault heights by women between 1995-1997 and 1997-2003