5 research outputs found
A Comparative Exploration of Community Pharmacists' Views on the Nature and Management of Over-the-Counter (OTC) and Prescription Codeine Misuse in Three Regulatory Regimes: Ireland, South Africa and the United Kingdom
Misuse of codeine containing preparations is a public health concern given the potential for associated harms and dependence. This study explores the perspectives of community pharmacists in three regulatory regimes on issues of customer misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) and prescribed codeine. A qualitative design comprising six focus groups (n = 45) was conducted in Ireland, United Kingdom, South Africa. Transcripts were analysed using the constant comparative method of content analysis. Pharmacists described popular codeine-containing products and the need for improved medicine information and warning labels. Issues around legitimate availability of codeine and regulatory status; presence of therapeutic need; difficulties in customer–pharmacist communication; business environments and retail focus were raised. Participants also discussed how they identified customers potentially misusing codeine and difficulties in relationships between pharmacists and prescribers. A number of recommendations were put forward as ways to manage the issues. The study highlights the difficulties encountered by community pharmacists operating under various regulatory regimes when supplying codeine containing preparations in negotiating patient awareness and compliance and potential ways to deal with misuse and dependence
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Identification of Plasmodium falciparum proteoforms from liver stage models.
Immunization with attenuated malaria sporozoites protects humans from experimental malaria challenge by mosquito bite. Protection in humans is strongly correlated with the production of T cells targeting a heterogeneous population of pre-erythrocyte antigen proteoforms, including liver stage antigens. Currently, few T cell
epitopes derived from Plasmodium falciparum, the major aetiologic agent of malaria in humans are known. In this study both in vitro and in vivo malaria liver stage models were used to sequence host and pathogen proteoforms. Proteoforms from these diverse models were subjected to mild acid elution (of soluble forms),
multi-dimensional fractionation, tandem mass spectrometry, and top-down bioinformatics analysis to identify proteoforms in their intact state. These results identify a group of host and malaria liver stage proteoforms that meet a 5% false discovery rate
threshold. This work provides proof-of-concept for the validity of this mass spectrometry/bioinformatic approach
for future studies seeking to reveal malaria liver stage antigens towards vaccine development
Bridging the Gender Gap in Criminology: Liberation and Gender-Specific Strain Effects on Delinquency
Equality in Cyberdemocracy? Gauging Gender Gaps in On-Line Civic Participation
This study examines gender gaps in civic participation by describing gaps in on-line participation and by explaining whether socialization, situation, or structure best account for gaps. Copyright (c) 2004 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.