Regulation of Epstein-Barr Virus BZLF1

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a latent infection in the human host. In order to produce infectious virus particles EBV must reactivate from latency and enter its lytic cycle. BZLF1 is the immediate early gene in EBV that mediates the switch between latency and the lytic cycle. The BZLF1 gene is under the control of the Zp promoter. Reactivation from latency is studied in EBV positive Akata cell lines where EBV can be reactivated by crosslinking the B-cell receptor (BCR) using antibodies to mimic antigen binding. This system uses stably transfected reporter plasmids to study Zp regulation. Mutagenesis identified additional regions of the promoter that contribute to regulation and the ZID MEF2 binding site was demonstrated to be functionally important during the initial stages of Zp activation. XBP-1 splicing, previously implicated in Zp reactivation, was found to occur rapidly in this system in response to BCR crosslinking and parallels the transient induction of Zp. Chromatin remodelling also plays an important role in Zp regulation. An inducible BZLF1 expression system, independent of BCR signalling, was developed in Akata cells that accurately mimics BZLF1 activity and provides a novel approach to study repression at Zp. The BZLF1 protein is related to the bZIP family of transcription factors. BZLF1 contains a bZIP motif in which C-terminal residues fold back against a zipper region that forms an a-helical coiled-coil. The 208SSENDRLR215 sequence in the zipper region is conserved between BZLF1 and C/EBP. Point mutagenesis in this sequence revealed the importance of individual residues for transactivation and progression to DNA replication. The restoration of BZLF1 DNA replication activity by complementation of two deleterious mutations (S208E and D236K) indicated that the interaction of the C-terminal tail and the core zipper region is required for DNA replication, identifying a functional role for this structural feature unique to BZLF1

Language exercises for bilingual children grade II

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1949. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

BREEDING BIRD UTILIZATION OF SHELTERWOOD-CUT OAK STANDS IN BUCKINGHAM COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Breeding bird populations on three shelterwood cut oak stands in Buckingham County, Virginia were studied using Breeding Bird Census (BBC) techniques. The stands were cut partly or entirely during the year prior to the 1997 breeding season, when the BBCs were conducted. The plots were established as part of a study of oak regeneration following controlled bums in the Virginia piedmont. Canopy cover on the plots averaged 66.8% after the cuts and total basal area averaged 41915 cm2/acre. At least 23 species of birds had territories partly or entirely on at least one of the plots, and at least nine species bred on all three plots. Of these nine, all but one were birds characteristic of forest habitats. This supports the.idea that forest species will continue to breed on shelterwood cuts similar to those studied, at least for the first year after cuts are made, though perhaps at lower densities than in uncut hardwood forests. Birds of open habitats were not very common in the BBC plots studied

Sasha and Antoinette: Jean Rhys\u27s orphans in the patriarchy

They sought to be lifted out of their class as women without the power to hold onto the ones with power: their father, their brothers, the boss (Abbott 112). They are novelist Jean Rhys\u27s characters, women who, like Rhys herself, lived in London and Paris between the World Wars. During this era Rhys published four novels: Postures (published in 1928; published in the United States under the title Quartet}, After Leaving Mr. MacKenzie (published in 1931), Voyage in the Dark (published in 1934), and Good Morning. Midnight (published in 1939)

Physical activity and sedentary behaviour and their associations with clinical measures in axial spondyloarthritis

Engaging in physical activity (PA) is a key aspect in the management of axial spondyloarthritis (axial SpA), however, its relationship with clinical measures is unknown. Previous research has mainly focused on subjective methods of measuring PA and sedentary behaviour (SB). The aim of this study was to explore the associations between objectively measured PA and SB with clinical measures in people with established axial SpA. Fifty participants were recruited from secondary-care rheumatology outpatient services in Glasgow, UK. Clinical measures collected included; Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQOL) and the Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT). PA and SB were measured using the activPAL3 tri-axial accelerometer. Data from forty-five participants were included (23 males, average age 49 ± 12 years). Participants accumulated an average of 93.2 ± 41.5 min/day walking with an average of 7200 ± 3397 steps/day. The majority of the day (65%) was spent sitting, accumulated in prolonged bouts. Walking time and steps taken/day were associated with better BASFI (r = − 0.395, p = 0.007 and r = − 0.404, p = 0.006), ASQOL (r = − 0.375, p = 0.011 and r = − 0.361, p = 0.015) and 6MWT (r = 0.396, p = 0.007 and r = 0.421, p = 0.004); while longer walking events were associated with better BASMI (rho = − 0.352, p = 0.018), BASFI (rho = − 0.316, p = 0.034) and 6MWT (rho = 0.404, p = 0.006). SB was associated with worse ASQOL (r = 0.380, p = 0.010) and 6MWT (6MWT, r = − 0.357, p = 0.016). In people with axial SpA PA is associated with better function, exercise capacity and spinal mobility, while SB is associated with lower exercise capacity and poor quality of life. These findings support the promotion of PA and reduction of SB in people with axial SpA

Family History of Cheyenne McDonald

This research paper covers the family of Cheyenne McDonald to the 5th generation. This paper holds the history and stories of both the paternal and maternal sides of her family. It explains the events that lead to the life of Cheyenne McDonald. Much of the research comes from FamilySearch.org, findagrave.com, the United States Census, as well as interviews with living family members

Associative and repetition priming with the repeated masked prime technique: No priming found

Wentura and Frings (2005) reported evidence of subliminal categorical priming on a lexical decision task, using a new method of visual masking in which the prime string consisted of the prime word flanked by random consonants and random letter masks alternated with the prime string on successive refresh cycles. We investigated associative and repetition priming on lexical decision, using the same method of visual masking. Three experiments failed to show any evidence of associative priming, (1) when the prime string was fixed at 10 characters (three to six flanking letters) and (2) when the number of flanking letters were reduced or absent. In all cases, prime detection was at chance level. Strong associative priming was observed with visible unmasked primes, but the addition of flanking letters restricted priming even though prime detection was still high. With repetition priming, no priming effects were found with the repeated masked technique, and prime detection was poor but just above chance levels. We conclude that with repeated masked primes, there is effective visual masking but that associative priming and repetition priming do not occur with experiment-unique prime-target pairs. Explanations for this apparent discrepancy across priming paradigms are discussed. The priming stimuli and prime-target pairs used in this study may be downloaded as supplemental materials from mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. © 2009 The Psychonomic Society, Inc

A Review of Psoriasis, a Known Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease and Its Impact on Folate and Homocysteine Metabolism

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. This risk has been attributed to an association with many independent risk factors including obesity, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia. Psoriasis patients also have lower levels of folate and conversely higher levels of homocysteine, which in itself is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It has been postulated that low folate levels in this group may be a direct cause of hyperhomocysteinemia and therefore a treatable risk factor by folate supplementation. This paper looks at the literature published to date on the relationship between psoriasis, homocysteine, and folate levels

An open-label clinical trial of agalsidase alfa enzyme replacement therapy in children with Fabry disease who are naïve to enzyme replacement therapy.

BackgroundFollowing a drug manufacturing process change, safety/efficacy of agalsidase alfa were evaluated in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT)-naïve children with Fabry disease.MethodsIn an open-label, multicenter, Phase II study (HGT-REP-084; Shire), 14 children aged ≥7 years received 0.2 mg/kg agalsidase alfa every other week for 55 weeks. Primary endpoints: safety, changes in autonomic function (2-hour Holter monitoring). Secondary endpoints: estimated glomerular filtration rate, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), midwall fractional shortening, pharmacodynamic parameters, and patient-reported quality-of-life.ResultsAmong five boys (median 10.2 [range 6.7, 14.4] years) and nine girls (14.8 [10.1, 15.9] years), eight patients experienced infusion-related adverse events (vomiting, n=4; nausea, n=3; dyspnea, n=3; chest discomfort, n=2; chills, n=2; dizziness, n=2; headache, n=2). One of these had several hypersensitivity episodes. However, no patient discontinued for safety reasons and no serious adverse events occurred. One boy developed immunoglobulin G (IgG) and neutralizing antidrug antibodies. Overall, no deterioration in cardiac function was observed in seven patients with low/abnormal SDNN (standard deviation of all filtered RR intervals; <100 ms) and no left ventricular hypertrophy: mean (SD) baseline SDNN, 81.6 (20.9) ms; mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) change from baseline to week 55, 17.4 (2.9, 31.9) ms. Changes in SDNN correlated with changes in LVMI (r=-0.975). No change occurred in secondary efficacy endpoints: mean (95% CI) change from baseline at week 55 in LVMI, 0.16 (-3.3, 3.7) g/m(2.7); midwall fractional shortening, -0.62% (-2.7%, 1.5%); estimated glomerular filtration rate, 0.15 (-11.4, 11.7) mL/min/1.73 m(2); urine protein, -1.8 (-6.0, 2.4) mg/dL; urine microalbumin, 0.6 (-0.5, 1.7) mg/dL; plasma globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), -5.71 (-10.8, -0.6) nmol/mL; urinary Gb3, -1,403.3 (-3,714.0, 907.4) nmol/g creatinine, or clinical quality-of-life outcomes.ConclusionFifty-five weeks' agalsidase alfa ERT at 0.2 mg/kg every other week was well tolerated. Disease progression may be slowed when ERT is started prior to major organ dysfunction.Trial registrationhttps://ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01363492