Why swimming is just as difficult as dying for japanese learners of english

While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms

Rebalancing Bracker Forty Years Later

This Article examines forty years of federal and state courts’ application of the Bracker balancing test, which considers whether a state tax is preempted when assessed against a non-Indian on tribal land. First, this Article chronicles the history and progression of the Bracker balancing test in the Supreme Court. Second, this Article cross-tabulates judicial findings of no preemption with key characteristics of all lower court state taxation decisions that cite Bracker. Third, this Article reports the results of regression analyses that reveal lower courts were less likely to find preemption of cigarette taxes, more likely to find state fuel taxes were preempted, and that other key case characteristics were not significantly associated with preemption. Fourth, this Article identifies the inconsistent outcomes generated by lower courts in their application of the Bracker balancing test. Fifth, this Article presents ways in which the judiciary can revise and clarify the Bracker balancing test, in the hope of providing greater predictability and producing uniformity in the lower courts

Socialism: A paper read before the Albany Press Club Socialist Night

https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism/1091/thumbnail.jp

Nebraska Monthly Economic Indicators: May 16, 2014

The Leading Economic Indicator – Nebraska (LEI-N) rose by 1.89% during April 2014. The rise in the LEI-N, which predicts economic growth in the state six months in the future, suggests solid growth in the Nebraska economy in the second half of 2014. Among the growing components of the leading economic indicator, there was a sharp drop in initial unemployent claims, suggesting solid improvement in labor market conditions. There also was solid improvement in business expectations. Specifically, respondents to the Survey of Nebraska Business predicted an increase in sales and employment at their business over the next six month. At the same time, building permits for single-family homes rose on a seasonally adjusted basis and there was a decline in the value of the U.S. Dollar. This decline in the dollar is a positive for Nebraska’s exporters. Among the remaining components of the leading indicator, there was a modest decline in both manufacturing hours and airline passenger counts

Nebraska Monthly Economic Indicators: April 18, 2014

The Leading Economic Indicator – Nebraska (LEI-N) declined by 0.07% during March 2014. The slight decline in the LEI-N, which predicts economic growth in the state six months in the future, followed a solid increase in February. Together, results for the two months are consistent with moderate growth in the Nebraska economy during the summer of 2014. Among the components of the leading economic indicator, there was an increase in initial unemployent claims, suggesting a weakening of labor market conditions. At the same time, there was solid improvement in business expectations. Specifically, respondents to the Survey of Nebraska Business predicted an increase in sales and employment at their business over the next six month. Finally, there was little contribution from the remaining four indicator components. These were manufacturing hours, airlines passenger counts, single-family home building permits and the U.S. dollar exchange rate. The net effect was a small decline in the Leading Economic Indicator – Nebraska during March

Nebraska Monthly Economic Indicators: July 19, 2013

The Leading Economic Indicator – Nebraska (LEI-N) rose by 0.87% during June 2013. The increase in the LEI-N, which predicts economic growth in the state six months in the future, follows a small increase in May. Taken together, results for the two months suggest moderate economic growth in Nebraska at the end of 2013. Such moderate expectations are particularly appropriate because improvement in the LEI-N during June was not broad-based. Looking at individual components of the LEI-N, only two of the six components rose during June, three declined and one was unchanged. Single-family building permits rose during June. But the primary reason for the improvement in the LEI-N was a sharp decline in initial unemployment insurance claims during the month, which is a positive signal for the job market and the economy. Among declining components, airline passengers and manufacturing hours both declined modestly during June. Further, the value of the U.S. dollar rose during June, which is negative for businesses that export. Finally, business expectations were neutral during June. Respondents to the Survey of Nebraska Business were as likely to project a decrease in sales and employment at their business over the next six month as they were to project an increase

Nebraska Monthly Economic Indicators: February 21, 2014

The Leading Economic Indicator – Nebraska (LEI-N) decreased by 0.95% during January 2014. The decrease in the LEI-N, which predicts economic growth in the state six months in the future, follows a strong increase in December 2013. Taken together, LEI-N results for the last two months suggest continued improvement in the Nebraska economy, specifically moderate growth in mid-2014. Five of six components of the leading economic indicator declined during January. There was a decline in building permits and airline passengers. Initial unemployment claims increased slightly in January, a negative sign for the labor market. There was a modest decline in business expectations. Respondents to the Survey of Nebraska Business predicted an decrease in sales at their business over the next six month. Manufacturing hours, however, did increase in January