Crisis or Opportunity: An Investigation to Determine the State of Graduate Programs in Adult Education in the United States and Recommendations for Survival in the 21st Century

The history of adult education has extended over a relatively short period of time in the United States, and so concurrently have the programs of graduate education in the schools of Higher Education. Through the years, the backgrounds and occupations of the students enrolled in adult education changed. Graduate students in the fifties and sixties were primarily administrators from university-based programs (Houle and Buskey, 1966). The late sixties and seventies found those working in adult basic education (ABE) entering programs. During the seventies there was an increase in the number of students from the private and public sectors, along with educators in higher education and public health. While the eighties included students from a variety of organizations, they were concerned with many of the applications of adult education. The rate of development started to decline slightly during the eighties in both the numbers of institutions granting doctorates, and those individuals receiving doctorates. It was during this time that a shift in graduate enrollments and a decline in the number of programs nationally continued to dwindle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of graduate programs in adult education, to explore the reasons for the increase or decline in the number of programs nationally in adult education, and to suggest ways in which adult education programs need to change in order to survive in the 21st century. A survey will be conducted among all of the schools that offer a graduate degree in adult education. It will look only at those colleges and universities in the United States that offer a master\u27s or doctorate degree in adult education. This study will investigate the following research questions: 1) What has the enrollment trend in graduate programs in adult education been for the last 5 years? 2) What is the future of graduate programs in adult education? 3) What should be done to remain competitive and increase the number of graduate programs in adult education in the 21st century? 4) What effect if any have the CPAE Standards for Graduate Programs in Adult Education had on the number of programs nationally? During its seventy years, as an academic discipline, the field has spent a great amount of time examining itself as an emerging and distinct field. The significance of establishing itself as a legitimate field in education and one that is away from K-12 education. It seems clear that adult education programs continue to struggle to find their niche among university programs. As these programs start the 21st century, this crisis may present them with the opportunity to clearly define their mission and market

Design, Stability and Efficacy of a New Targeting Peptide for Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery to SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

In recent years, rabies virus-derived peptide (RDP) has shown promise as a specific neural cell targeting ligand, however stability of the peptide in human serum was unknown. Herein, we report the molecular modelling and design of an optimised peptide sequence based on interactions of RDP with the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). The new sequence, named DAS, designed around a 5-mer sequence which demonstrated optimal nAChR binding in silico, showed greatly improved stability for up to 8 hours in human serum in comparison to RDP, which degraded within 2 hours at 37 °C. In vitro analysis using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells showed that DAS-conjugated nanoparticles containing the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin (DAS-Dox-NP) displayed significantly enhanced cytotoxicity compared with untargeted doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles (Dox-NP). DAS-Dox-NP had no significant effect on non-neural cell types, confirming its neural-specific targeting properties. In this manuscript, we report the design and testing of an optimised peptide ligand, conjugated to a nanoparticulate delivery vehicle and specifically targeted to neural cells. Future impact of an innovative targeting peptide ligand combining the ability to selectively identify the target and facilitate cellular internalisation could enable the successful treatment of many neural cell disorders