The mechanics of housing collectivism: How forms and functions affect affordability

In countries worldwide, limited access to affordable housing is fuelling interest in collectivist solutions. Different organizational models are being developed to enable groups of people to own and control housing collectively. The benefits of such models have been widely promoted, not least in terms of delivering enhanced housing affordability for residents. However, evidence to support such claims is scarce and it remains unclear whether affordability is the product of collective forms and functions, or some other factor(s). To address this gap in knowledge, the paper presents findings from three case studies of English and Canadian housing collectives. Applying realist theories of causation, the processes affecting housing affordability are explained, conceptualizing two causal mechanisms which depict how organizational form, internal rules and regulatory activity, along with the unique role of the resident-owner, influence the setting of rents and prices. Further research is required to understand the prevalence of these mechanisms and their general application

Investigations into the charge transfer mechanism of 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile using ultrafast spectroscopy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rochester. Dept. of Chemistry, 2012. Chapter 2 was co-authored with Randy Mehlenbacher and David W. McCamant.Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS), in conjunction with femtosecond transient absorption (fsTA) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, have been used to investigate the photoinduced charge transfer (CT) dynamics and structural evolution in 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN). Excited state vibrational modes corresponding to the ring breathing (764 cm-1), CH in-plane bending (1168-1174 cm-1), quinoidal C=C stretching (1575-1582 cm-1) and nitrile stretching (2096 cm-1) modes were observed in the CT state for time delays between 0 and 30-40 ps in various solvents. The CT reaction dependence on solvent polarity was also investigated through the use of a range of polar protic and aprotic solvents. The role of anharmonic coupling between energy receiving modes and observed spectral shifts in the CT state was investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations conducted on the isotopically labeled aminobenzonitrile analog (ABN15H2). This revealed a collection of vibrational modes potentially coupled to the CT reaction coordinate that could account for the experimentally observed spectral shifts upon formation of the equilibrated CT state. These results were then placed into the context of the structure of DMABN as it proceeds through the CT reaction pathway and the validity of the prevailing models for this process is discussed

Quantitative Information Flow as Network Flow Capacity

We present a new technique for determining how much information abouta program's secret inputs is revealed by its public outputs. Incontrast to previous techniques based on reachability from secretinputs (tainting), it achieves a more precise quantitative result bycomputing a maximum flow of information between the inputs andoutputs. The technique uses static control-flow regions to soundlyaccount for implicit flows via branches and pointer operations, butoperates dynamically by observing one or more program executions andgiving numeric flow bounds specific to them (e.g., "17 bits"). Themaximum flow in a network also gives a minimum cut (a set of edgesthat separate the secret input from the output), which can be used toefficiently check that the same policy is satisfied on futureexecutions. We performed case studies on 5 real C, C++, and ObjectiveC programs, 3 of which had more than 250K lines of code. The toolchecked multiple security policies, including one that was violated bya previously unknown bug

FOURIER TRANSFORM MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY OF TRIMETHYLENE SULFIDE MONOMER AND ARGON VAN DER WAALS COMPLEX IN THE RING-PUCKERING GROUND INVERSION STATES

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan UniversityOver 30 lines of the ground states inversion-rotation spectrum of trimethylene sulfide monomer have been measured to 5 kHz resolution in a Balle-Flygare pulsed nozzle, molecular beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. A Hamiltonian with Coriolis coupling, inversion splitting, rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants for each inversion level will be discussed. The hyperfine spectrum due to the methylene hydrogens has also been observed. The use of the perturbations of the ring-puckering potential to study Van der Waals bonding will be discusse