Quantifying the Contours of Power: Chief Justice Roberts & Justice Kennedy in Criminal Justice Cases

This Article seeks to contribute to the debate with an empirical analysis of voting behavior in criminal justice cases decided during the first ten Terms of the Roberts Court era. The following section presents the study’s case selection and introduces the types of measures used to illuminate influence on the High Court (Part II). Court- and individual-level tendencies (Part III) identify potential spheres of influence occupied by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Kennedy. These bases of judicial power are examined separately in Part IV (Chief Justice Roberts) and Part V (Justice Kennedy). Some possible implications of Justice Scalia’s death on these power bases are addressed in Part VI

Chief Justice William Rehnquist: His Law-and-Order Legacy and Impact on Criminal Justice

In this article, we explore Chief Justice Rehnquist’s criminal justice decisions through an empirical analysis of the Court’s decision-making tendencies for the most recent natural court and a review of selected criminal justice decisions written by Justice Rehnquist throughout his career. To start, we limit the analysis, with only two exceptions, to decisions actually written by Justice Rehnquist. Although Chief Justice Rehnquist, in that position, had an important role in leading other justices to agree with him by assigning cases, we gleaned a substantial amount of information regarding his decisional patterns and policy preferences by analyzing the opinions he personally authored. The focus of this inquiry, then, is Justice Rehnquist’s actual opinions and not his votes in other cases. This empirical analysis is complemented and given context by a discussion of the overall thrust of criminal justice cases decided by the Court in the last decade...In Section II we provide a brief biographical sketch of Justice Rehnquist’s education and career. We then analyze the criminal justice decisions of the most recent Rehnquist Court using cases from 1995-2005 in Section III. This time frame captures Rehnquist’s last natural court with the exception of the first term. Although Justice Breyer–the last member to join the Court of interest here–served a full term in 1994, we do not include the 1994-1995 Term to avoid the risk that Breyer’s performance (and the Court’s more general decision patterns) might have been distorted by the “freshman effect.” In Section IV we extend the period under review and examine some of Justice Rehnquist’s written opinions, both as an Associate Justice and as Chief Justice. In the final section, we discuss the overall impact of Justice Rehnquist’s decisions on criminal justice issues and revisit the characterization of Rehnquist as central to a “law and order” shift

Is Marketing Science Really Scientific?

Thirty-five years ago, there was a special issue of the Journal of Marketing in Fall, 1983 concerning whether marketing is a science and what role theory plays in a marketing science. In that issue the following articles concerned with the definition of Marketing and its role in business appeared: Shelby Hunt asked the question of whether a general theory of marketing is even possible and what such a theory would be like if such a theory existed. Robert Bartels noted that marketing has been defined as having theory and practice, specialization and generalization, as well as established interests and global expectations over the years. In other words are we primarily practitioners or are we primarily scholars. John Howard notes that marketing provides a guide for strategic and operational planning by focusing on the customer which maximizes shareholder wealth. George D. and Robin Wensley emphasized marketing’s role in creating competitive advantage and associated strategic issues to create a new paradigm for marketing. Other articles were more directly related to the issue of marketing and science: Rohit Deshpande was concerned with marketing scientists being preoccupied with hypothesis testing rather than theory building and recommends using qualitative methods to build theories followed by using quantitative methods to test the validity of those theories. Paul Anderson wondered if marketing should be more scientific by being committed to theory-driven paradigms producing programmatic research to solve significant problems. Finally, Paul Peter and Jerry Olson answer the question ‘Is Science marketing?’ by claiming that science is a special case of marketing. They note that marketing scientists create theories which are like products with channels of distribution, promotion, and prices. Marketing scientists who create these theories have objectives for doing so that fall into three types: noble, curiosity and self-serving. The question here is: Is marketing a science and if so what makes it scientific? In the end of all discussions asking ‘Is marketing a science?’ we must recognize there is no set of criteria for recognizing science from nonscience (Laudan, 1982). However if marketing scientists create useful knowledge, they have answered the question in the marriage of marketing theory and practice. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Autumn) 1983 Laudan, Larry (1965), On the Impossibility of Crucial Falsifying Experiment: Gruntaum on The Cuhemian Argument\u27, Philosophy of Science. 32 (July), 295-9

Try, Try, Try Again: Better Faculty Outreach Through Trial and Error

Reaching out to faculty about library resources and services is an ongoing and sometimes mysterious process for vendors and librarians alike—one that, when effective, can contribute a higher ROI and improved collaboration between libraries and publishers. However, it can be a challenge to reach that sweet spot between “effective” and “annoying,” especially in the face of seemingly nonresponsive faculty. A physical and life sciences librarian and former head of collection development and acquisitions from the University of Central Florida (UCF), and a Springer account development specialist, who works closely with academic librarians, weigh in on four different issues about improving outreach and identifying opportunities for outreach and collaboration

Locus coeruleus to basolateral amygdala noradrenergic projections promote anxiety-like behavior

Increased tonic activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons induces anxiety-like and aversive behavior. While some information is known about the afferent circuitry that endogenously drives this neural activity and behavior, the downstream receptors and anatomical projections that mediate these acute risk aversive behavioral states via the LC-NE system remain unresolved. Here we use a combination of retrograde tracing, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, electrophysiology, and in vivo optogenetics with localized pharmacology to identify neural substrates downstream of increased tonic LC-NE activity in mice. We demonstrate that photostimulation of LC-NE fibers in the BLA evokes norepinephrine release in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), alters BLA neuronal activity, conditions aversion, and increases anxiety-like behavior. Additionally, we report that β-adrenergic receptors mediate the anxiety-like phenotype of increased NE release in the BLA. These studies begin to illustrate how the complex efferent system of the LC-NE system selectively mediates behavior through distinct receptor and projection-selective mechanisms

The Dwarf Irregular Galaxy UGC 7636 Exposed: Stripping At Work In The Virgo Cluster

We present the results of optical spectroscopy of a newly discovered H II region residing in the H I gas cloud located between the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636 and the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472 in the Virgo Cluster. By comparing UGC 7636 with dwarf irregular galaxies in the field, we show that the H I cloud must have originated from UGC 7636 because (1) the oxygen abundance of the cloud agrees with that expected for a galaxy with the blue luminosity of UGC 7636, and (2) M_{H I}/L_B for UGC 7636 becomes consistent with the measured oxygen abundance of the cloud if the H I mass of the cloud is added back into UGC 7636. It is likely that tides from NGC 4472 first loosened the H I gas, after which ram-pressure stripping removed the gas from UGC 7636.Comment: 12 pages, 2 eps figures (AASTeX 5.0); accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

Deep K_s-near-infrared Surface Photometry of 80 Dwarf Irregular Galaxies in the Local Volume

We present deep near-infrared (K_s) images and surface photometry for 80 dwarf irregular galaxies (dIs) within ~5 Mpc of the Milky Way. The galaxy images were obtained at five different facilities between 2004 and 2006. The image reductions and surface photometry have been performed using methods specifically designed for isolating faint galaxies from the high and varying near-infrared sky level. Fifty-four of the 80 dIs have surface brightness profiles which could be fit to a hyperbolic-secant (sech) function, while the remaining profiles could be fit to the sum of a sech and a Gaussian function. From these fits, we have measured central surface brightnesses, scale lengths, and integrated magnitudes. This survey is part of a larger study of the connection between large-scale structure and the global properties of dIs, the hypothesized building-blocks of more massive galaxies