Effects of qualitative feed restriction on compensatory growth in the broiler chicken

No presente estudo, aplicou-se a diluição qualitativa da dieta com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos das diferentes diluições (25% e 50%) das rações no desempenho de frangos de corte criados até 42 dias de idade. Utilizou-se, para a diluição, casca de soja na dieta inicial (21,5% de PB e 3.050 kcal/kg de EM), e os tratamentos experimentais foram baseados nessas dietas e distribuídos de forma contínua, durante sete dias, ou de forma intercalada, com a ração não diluída. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: T1: ração inicial (testemunha); T2 e T3: ração inicial diluída com 25% e 50% de casca de soja, respectivamente, fornecida durante sete dias; T4 e T5: ração inicial diluída com 25% e 50% de casca de soja, respectivamente, fornecida nos dias 7, 9, 11 e 13, intercalada com a ração testemunha nos dias 8,10 e 12. As aves sob restrição alimentar mostraram pesos corporais menores (P < 0,05) em comparação com as aves do tratamento-testemunha. Não houve diferenças quanto a conversão alimentar acumulada (0-42 dias) entre os tratamentos da restrição. O oferecimento de forma intercalada das rações diluídas conferiu menores perdas no ganho de peso e no peso corporal. Não houve diferença quanto a mortalidades entre os tratamentos. As aves não apresentaram crescimento compensatório, o que parece estar associado ao padrão de curva de crescimento apresentada pela linhagem.An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the diet dilution on performance of broiler chickens until 42 days of age. Nutrient restriction was achieved by feeding a starter diet (CP 21.5% and ME 3,050 kcal/kg) in which the major ingredients were replaced with 25% or 50% of soybean hulls. Four treatments involved feeding the diluted diets for seven days (7-14 days of age), either continuous or split into periods with the undiluted diet (control). The treatments were: T1: control diet; T2 and T3: diluted diet (25% and 50% of soybean hulls, respectively) 7-14 days; T4 and T5: diluted diet (25% and 50% of soybean hulls, respectively) on days 7, 9, 11 and 13 alternating with T1 (on days 8, 10 and 12). The birds fed with diluted diets exhibited lower mean body weights (P < 0.05) than controls. Feed conversion ratios from 0-42 days of age for restricted broilers were not different. Varying the period of nutrient restriction did not affect adversely body weight and body weight gain. There was no statistical difference in the overall mortality through 0-42 days among the dietary treatments. Compensatory growth was not observed, and this result could be associated with the pattern of growth curve exhibited by the hybrids used in this experiment

Utilization of propolis and ethyl alcohol on control of Salmonella in poultry feeds

Em quatro experimentos foram avaliados como agentes antibacterianos, produtos como a própolis e álcool etílico, adicionados às rações artificialmente contaminadas com os respectivos sorotipos: Salmonella typhimurium Nalr-Specr nos três primeiros experimentos e, Salmonella agona Nalr-Specr e Salmonella infantis Nalr-Specr e Salmonella enteritidis Nalr-Specr, no 4º experimento. As rações foram fornecidas a grupos de 10-16 pintos de corte de um dia. Em todos os experimentos os produtos avaliados foram utilizados à 2% na ração. Quando se utilizou solução hidroalcoólica de própolis (Exp.1), seguidas 120 horas após o desafio das aves, detectou-se a presença da bactéria nos cecos. No experimento seguinte (Exp. 2), testou-se a solução de própolis e o seu diluente, álcool etílico; seguidas 96 horas após o desafio das aves, não foi observado a presença da bactéria nos cecos, (<2,0 log10). Avaliou-se no 3º experimento a ação da solução de própolis e do álcool etílico no tempo, adicionados à ração 14 dias e 28 dias antes do fornecimento às aves. Após 72 horas do desafio das aves, a leitura nas placas acusou a presença da bactéria nos cecos. Dentro deste último período (72 horas), também se avaliou a ação da própolis em pó, (extrato seco) e esse mesmo extrato numa solução aquosa, adicionados à ração 48 horas antes do fornecimento às aves e, os resultados confirmaram a presença da bactéria nos cecos. No 4º experimento avaliou-se somente o álcool etílico nas rações artificialmente contaminadas com os respectivos sorotipos, S. agona Nalr-Specr, S. infantis Nalr-Specr, S. enteritidis Nalr-Specr, registrando-se contagem zero (<2,0 log10) apenas com o último sorotipo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o tratamento com a solução de própolis apresentou ação sobre a S. typhimirium Nalr-Specr somente quando em solução alcoólica, dentro de um período de 48 horas, indicando que o efeito bactericida se deveu ao álcool etílico presente na solução. A ação do tratamento com o álcool etílico demonstrou resultado parcial sendo observado efeito bactericida somente em relação a dois dos sorotipos inoculados na ração.Four similar trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of an alcoholic solution of propolis and ethyl alcohol on control of salmonellae, artificially added in the feed offered to groups of 10 -16 day - old broiler chicks. Salmonella typhimurium Nalr-Specr was used in the first three experiments and Salmonella agona Nalr-Specr, Salmonella infantis Nalr-Specr and Salmonella enteritidis Nalr-Specr were used in the fourth experiment. In every experiment the antibacterial products were added at 2% in the feed. When used hidroalcohol solution of propolis (Experiment 1), 120 hours after the challenger on the chicks, was detected the presence of bacteria on cecal contents. On the next experiment (Experiment 2), was tested the alcoholic solution of propolis and ethyl alcohol; 96 hours after the challenge on the chicks it was not observed the presence of bacteria on cecal content of the birds (<2,0 log10 FCU/g). In the third experiment, it was evaluated a propolis solution and ethyl alcohol, in time with, added to feed 14 days and 28 days before the chicks consume the experimental ration. Seventy-two hours after the birds consume the Salmonella contaminated ration, the plaque counts demonstrated the presence of bacteria on cecal contents. Whitin the last period (72 hours), it was evaluated a powdered propolis sample (dehydrated extract) and, this extract in an aqueous solution, added to the feed 48 hours before the birds started the consumption of ration; the results confirmed the presence of the bacteria on cecal contents. On the fourth experiment, was evaluated only ethyl alcohol in the feed artificially contamined with the following serotypes: Salmonella agona Nalr-Specr, Salmonella infantis Nalr-Specr, Salmonella enteritidis Nalr-Specr, The results indicated zero counting (< 2,0 log10 FCU/g), only with the last serotype. Under this experimental condition, propolis showed action over S. typhimurium Nalr-Specr only in alcoholic solution and 48 hours before birds consumed contaminated ration, showing that bactericidal effect was due to ethyl alcohol present in the solution rather than the propolis action. Ethyl alcohol showed bactericidal effects only over two serotypes artificially added in the feed pointing that didn.t occur a standardized response

Effect of an induced molt by feed removal and non-feed removal regimens on skeletal integrity in white leghorns

The overall objective was to determine the effect of an induced molt on the skeletal integrity of White Leghorns. The objectives of chapter II were to assess the integrity of bones of White Leghorns during an induced molt and a second cycle of egg laying, and to determine the correlation of in vivo measurements of skeletal integrity using dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with more traditional bone mechanical tests and the incidence of broken bones in carcasses of processed spent hens. Results showed that an induced molt was detrimental to skeletal integrity and incidence of breakage was negatively correlated with densitometric readings of excised bones. Experiments of chapter III determined the effect of an induced molt using non-withdrawal of food (non-fasted molt) on the bone mineralization of White Leghorn hens. Results demonstrated that a nonfeed removal molt diet was less deleterious to bone mineralization during molt as compared to a fasted molting program. The objectives of chapter IV were 2-fold: (1) to monitor the carryover effect of pre- and postmolt diets containing high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the skeletal integrity of White Leghorns before, during, and after a fasted or non-fasted molt; and (2) to determine the influence of diets containing high omega-3 PUFA and molting programs on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and the expression of hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression. Results showed that dietary omega-3 PUFA in the pre- and postmolt diets had little effect on the decline of skeletal integrity during molt and that circulating IGF-I concentrations were profoundly affected by molt. This research is the first to examine the effects of induced molt on bone mineralization using DEXA. In addition, this is the first description regarding circulating IGF-I and its mRNA IGF-I gene expression in the liver of hens during molt and the beginning of the second cycle of egg laying

The table egg: a review Ovo de consumo: uma revisão

This present review intends to provide information and update the reader about diverse aspects of quality and consumption of eggs, the variation among consumer preference worldwide emphasizing the upper status this food represents as source of essential nutrients for human health. This review mainly focus on topics regarding production and quality of table eggs, emphasizing some aspects of the egg market, trend in egg intake and consumers perceptions regarding egg content and nutritious values. Additionally, results from specific studies that provide new findings about the role of enrichment egg components on health, prevention and treatment of diseases are discussed. A novel viewpoint is proposed in this review, highlighting the perspective for an increase of consumption of egg and egg products, mainly in markets where the consumption pattern is known to be low. How the information about shell eggs and its nutrients reach the consumer strongly affect the way this food of higher biological functions takes part in the human diet.Nesta revisão, os autores buscam informar sobre os vários aspectos relacionados à qualidade e ao consumo de ovos ao nível mundial, reportando as diferenças que existem entre os países e a importância que esse alimento representa para o fornecimento de nutrientes essenciais para nutrir e manter a saúde humana. Ao mesmo tempo, a revisão enfoca os estudos específicos, que indicam as novas descobertas sobre o enriquecimento dos ovos e sua ação auxiliar, no controle de problemas de saúde humana. Existe a perspectiva de incrementos no nível de consumo, principalmente nos países onde a ingestão é baixa e, assim, melhorar a nutrição humana com esse alimento de baixo custo e, no entanto, de alta qualidade nutricional

Critical points on egg production: causes, importance and incidence of eggshell breakage and defects

The occurrence of broken eggs directly depends on the quality of the shell. It is important to consider that the problem of broken eggs is not due to a single factor but a combination of factors. Shell defects, irregularities in shell shape, texture and surface are commonly observed during a regular egg laying cycle and the causes are varied. The incidence of downgraded eggs still represents an important source of economic loss for the egg industry due to products damage and need for further processing. It is possible to obtain significant reduction in the number of eggs lost due to the inferior quality of the shell attempting to an adequate nutrition, disease control, good management practices, and use of genetic lines with higher quality eggshell traits