Para uma destruição criativa menos dramática: inovação e empreendedorismo como características fundamentais do processo de mercado

Innovation is at the core of any market economy and it is necessary for any organization to survive in competitive environments. This article aims to discuss the current approach to innovation seen in most of the management and economics literature and it will suggest that this understanding, loosely based on Schumpeter’s ideas on creative destruction, is not capable of representing the actual dynamism seen in the markets. In order to better understand that dynamism, the market process approach of the Austrian School is presented as a substitute. The comparison indicates that adopting the market process approach, in which entrepreneurship and innovation are endogenous and not-necessarily related to breaks or shocks, leads to a much better understanding of the innovation phenomena and, consequently, and opens new paths in the understanding of the entrepreneurial role. The work concludes presenting limitations and suggestions for future research in management, and economics, and finally, some pedagogical suggestions are also given.La innovación está en el corazón de cualquier economía de mercado y es necesaria para que cualquier organización sobreviva, en entornos competitivos. Este documento tiene como objetivo discutir el enfoque actual de la innovación, presente en la mayoría de la literatura de negocios y economía, y sugerirá que esta comprensión, basada libremente en las ideas de Schumpeter sobre la destrucción creativa, no es capaz de representar el verdadero dinamismo visto en los mercados. Para comprender mejor este dinamismo, el enfoque del proceso de mercado, de la Escuela Austriaca, se presenta como un sustituto. La comparación indica que la adopción de este enfoque de proceso de mercado, donde el emprendimiento y la innovación son endógenos y no están necesariamente relacionados con fallas y choques, conduce a una mejor comprensión del fenómeno de la innovación y, por lo tanto, abre nuevas vías para la comprensión del rol emprendedor. El documento concluye, presentando limitaciones y sugerencias para futuras investigaciones en administración y economía, y finalmente se dan algunas sugerencias pedagógica.Inovação está no centro de qualquer economia de mercado e é necessária para qualquer organização sobreviver, em ambientes competitivos. Esse artigo objetiva discutir a abordagem atual de inovação, presente na maior parte da literatura de administração e economia, e sugerirá que esse entendimento, vagamente baseado nas ideias de Schumpeter sobre destruição criativa, não é capaz de representar o real dinamismo visto nos mercados. Para entender melhor esse dinamismo, a abordagem do processo de mercado, da Escola Austríaca, é apresentada como um substituto. A comparação indica que, adotando essa abordagem de processo de mercado, em que o empreendedorismo e a inovação são endógenos e, não necessariamente relacionados à quebras e choques, leva a uma melhor compreensão do fenônomeno da inovação e, consequentemente, abre novos caminhos para a compreensão do papel empreendedor. O trabalho conclui apresentando limitações e sugestões para futuras pesquisas em gestão e economia, e, finalmente, são dadas algumas sugestões pedagógicas

The evolutionary invisible hand: “Why are we successful? And how do we know we have made an economic error?”

Book review: POSVANC, Matus.  The Evolutionary Invisible Hand - The Problem of Rational Decision Making and Social Ordering over Time. Londres: Palgrave MacmillanBook review: POSVANC, Matus.  The Evolutionary Invisible Hand - The Problem of Rational Decision Making and Social Ordering over Time. Londres: Palgrave MacmillanBook review: POSVANC, Matus.  The Evolutionary Invisible Hand - The Problem of Rational Decision Making and Social Ordering over Time. Londres: Palgrave Macmilla

Lost opportunities for effective management of obstetric conditions to reduce maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity in Argentina and Uruguay

Objective: To review the use of evidence-based practices in the care of mothers who died or had severe morbidity attending public hospitals in two Latin American countries. Methods: This study is part of a multicenter intervention to increase the use of evidence-based obstetric practice. Data on maternal deaths and women admitted to intensive care units whose deliveries occurred in 24 hospitals in Argentina and Uruguay were analyzed. Primary outcomes were use rates of effective interventions to reduce maternal mortality (MM) and severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Results: A total of 106 women were included: 26 maternal deaths and 80 women with SMM. Some effective interventions for severe acute hemorrhage had a high use rate, such as blood transfusion (91%) and timely cesarean delivery (75%), while active management of the third stage of labor (25%) showed a lower rate. The overall use rate of effective interventions was 58% (95% CI, 49%-67%). This implies that 42% of the women did not receive one of the effective interventions to reduce MM and SMM. Conclusion: This study shows a low use of effective interventions to reduce MM and SMM in public hospitals in Argentina and Uruguay. Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based practices must be guaranteed to effectively achieve progress on maternal health.Fil: Karolinski, Ariel Pedro. Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos Carlos Durand; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Mazzoni, Agustina. Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos Carlos Durand; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Belizan, Jose. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Althabe, Fernando. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bergel, Eduardo. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Buekens, Pierre. University of Tulane; Estados Unido

Murray Rothbard´s Monopoly Theory applied to the Brazilian Transport Sector

The aim of this paper is to deploy the Austrian economic thought on monopoly to an ex-ante scenario, seeking other ways of state intervention that could create monopolies, in addition to well-known state concession. Therefore, we sought to identify regulatory costs and their indirect interference in the quantity of companies within industries, that creates a favorable scenario for the emergence of monopolies. Rothbard's (2009) proposition about the condition of the existence of monopolies is correct, but it can be complemented with an analysis of an indirect and unintentional creation of monopolies by the State

Clergy and Politics in La Rioja in the twenties of the XIXth century. The Clergy Adjutant Melchor León de la Barra, from Revolutionary to ‘Traitor

El presente trabajo se centra en un conflicto político específico, que se desató en La Rioja en 1824, para indagar a través de sus aristas en las relaciones entre la religión y la política y puntualmente en el papel desempeñado por el clero como intérprete o mediador en disputas concretas. El caso que tomamos se desencadenó luego de que los Dávila, una de las "casas" de la elite riojana, fueron desplazados, disminuyendo notablemente su influencia política. Juan Facundo Quiroga había vencido en la Batalla del Puesto convirtiéndose en la principal figura política y militar de la provincia. En ese contexto, se enfrentaron el Comandante de Armas de Famatina, Inocencio Moreno, y el Teniente de cura Melchor León de la Barra. Este último fue declarado "reo de alto crimen" por Moreno, quien lo acusó además de tener una prédica conspirativa, y le objetó su actuación en la Junta Tuitiva del Alto Perú en 1809, cuando, según Moreno, el eclesiástico había sido excomulgado por el Arzobispo de Charcas.Para abordar esta querella, nos basaremos principalmente en documentos del Archivo Brigadier Juan Facundo Quiroga que contiene cartas y notificaciones dirigidas a Quiroga. Asimismo complementamos con otros fondos documentales de los Archivos de los Arzobispados de Córdoba y de Sucre y del Archivo Nacional de Bolivia.This article focus on an specific political conflict which took place in La Rioja in 1824. This conflict is analyzed to dig into some questions about the relationship between religion and politics and specifically in the role played by the clergy as an interpreter or mediator in certain disputes. This case was produced after the Davila, one of the “houses” of La Rioja’s elite, was replaced and witnessed its political influence substantially diminished. Juan FacundoQuiroga had succeed in El Puesto battle and had become the most important political and military character in the province.In this context, Inocencio Moreno, Military Commander of Famatina, and Melchor Leon de la Barra, clergy adjutant faced each other. The latter was declared “traitor” by Moreno, who also accused him to preach conspiracy sermons and to have participated in the Junta Tuitiva at Alto Peru in 1809 when, according to Moreno, de la Barra have been excommunicated by the Archbishop of Charcas.In order to study this dispute, we will based on documents from the Brigadier Juan Facundo Quiroga Archive which contains letters and notifications addressed to Quiroga. We will complete this research with documents from the Archive of the Archbishopric of Cordoba and Sucre, and from the National Archive of Bolivia.Fil: Mazzoni, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"; ArgentinaFil: Gómez, Fernando Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani"; Argentin

Women’s preferences and mode of delivery in public and private hospitals: a prospective cohort study

Background Rates of caesarean section have steadily increased in most middle- and high-income countries over the last few decades without medical justification. Maternal request is one of the frequently cited non-medical factors contributing to this trend. The objectives of this study were to assess pregnant women’s preferences regarding mode of delivery and to compare actual caesarean section rates in the public and private sectors. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in two public and three private hospitals in Buenos Aires, Argentina. 382 nulliparous pregnant women (183 from the private sector and 199 from the public sector) aged 18 to 35 years, with single pregnancies over 32 weeks of gestational age were enrolled during antenatal care visits between October 2010 and September 2011. We excluded women with pregnancies resulting from assisted fertility, women with known pre-existing major diseases or, with pregnancy complications, or with a medical indication of elective cesarean section. We used two different approaches to assess women’s preferences: a survey using a tailored questionnaire, and a discrete choice experiment. Results Only 8 and 6 % of the healthy nulliparous women in the public and private sectors, respectively, expressed a preference for caesarean section. Fear of pain and safety were the most frequently expressed reasons for preferring caesarean section. When reasons for delivery mode were assessed by a discrete choice experiment, women placed the most emphasis on sex after childbirth. Of women who expressed their preference for vaginal delivery, 34 and 40 % ended their pregnancies by caesarean section in public and private hospitals, respectively. Conclusions The preference for caesarean section is low among healthy nulliparous women in Buenos Aires. The reasons why these women had a rate of more than 35 % caesarean sections are unlikely related to their preferences for mode of delivery.Fil: Mazzoni, Agustina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Althabe, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Gutierrez, Laura. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Gibbons, Luz. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Liu, Nancy H.. UCSF General Internal Medicine; Estados UnidosFil: Bonotti, Ana María. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Izbizky, Gustavo H.. Hospital Italiano; ArgentinaFil: Ferrary, Marta. Hospital Magdalena; ArgentinaFil: Viergue, Nora. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas “Norberto Quirno”; ArgentinaFil: Vigil, Silvia I.. Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Zalazar Denett, Gabriela. Hospital Materno Infantil Dr. Carlos Gianantonio; ArgentinaFil: Belizan, Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentin

A Chandra Study: Are Dwarf Carbon Stars Spun Up and Rejuvenated by Mass Transfer?

Carbon stars (with C/O> 1) were long assumed to all be giants, because only AGB stars dredge up significant carbon into their atmospheres. The case is nearly iron-clad now that the formerly mysterious dwarf carbon (dC) stars are actually far more common than C giants, and have accreted carbon-rich material from a former AGB companion, yielding a white dwarf and a dC star that has gained both significant mass and angular momentum. Some such dC systems have undergone a planetary nebula phase, and some may evolve to become CH, CEMP, or Ba giants. Recent studies indicate that most dCs are likely from older, metal-poor kinematic populations. Given the well-known anti-correlation of age and activity, dCs would not be expected to show significant X-ray emission related to coronal activity. However, accretion spin-up might be expected to rejuvenate magnetic dynamos in these post mass-transfer binary systems. We describe our Chandra pilot study of six dCs selected from the SDSS for Halpha emission and/or a hot white dwarf companion, to test whether their X-ray emission strength and spectral properties are consistent with a rejuvenated dynamo. We detect all 6 dCs in the sample, which have X-ray luminosities ranging from logLx= 28.5 - 29.7, preliminary evidence that dCs may be active at a level consistent with stars that have short rotation periods of several days or less. More definitive results require a sample of typical dCs with deeper X-ray observations to better constrain their plasma temperatures.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures. Revised and resubmitted June 20, accepted June 21, 2019 to Ap

Sources of influence on pregnant women's preferred mode of delivery in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Background: Understanding influences on women's preferred delivery mode is vital for planning interventions to reduce cesarean rates and for ensuring that women receive correct information. Our objectives were to: determine if sources of information influencing a pregnant woman's preferred delivery mode and knowledge of cesarean indications differ by sociodemographic characteristics; to conduct a factor analysis of items related to information sources influencing this preference; and to determine if knowledge differs by information sources influencing this preference or their underlying latent constructs. Methods: Data from a prospective cohort study conducted in Buenos Aires was analyzed. Healthy nulliparous women aged 18-35, at >32 weeks of gestation and with live, singleton pregnancies participated. The primary research questions were evaluated using Chi-square tests, factor analysis, logistic regression, and generalized estimating equations. Results: A total of 382 women participated in the study. Women of lower socioeconomic status were more influenced by people, magazines and TV/movies in their mode of delivery preferences, and had poorer knowledge of cesarean indications. Sources of influence for preferred delivery mode and factors derived in factor analysis were not associated with knowledge level when considered individually or together, or when adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, or when accounting for clustering by the hospital sector (public or private). Conclusions: Higher socioeconomic status is associated with being less influenced by people and with better knowledge of indications for cesarean delivery. Knowledge of cesarean indications was not associated with the source of information about mode of delivery preferences.Fil: Amyx, Melissa Michele. University of Tulane; Estados UnidosFil: Gibbons, Luz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica. Instituto de Efectividad Clinica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica.; ArgentinaFil: Xiong, Xu. University of Tulane; Estados UnidosFil: Mazzoni, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica. Instituto de Efectividad Clinica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica.; ArgentinaFil: Althabe, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica. Instituto de Efectividad Clinica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica.; ArgentinaFil: Buekens, Pierre. University of Tulane; Estados UnidosFil: Belizan, Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Pque. Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica. Instituto de Efectividad Clinica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones En Epidemiología y Salud Publica.; Argentin

Desafios jurídicos e econômicos da moeda digital

A moeda é um bem de conveniência muito antigo. No entanto, ao longo da história, conveniência e segurança tomaram lados opostos de um dilema, cuja superação ocorreu apenas nos últimos dois séculos com a moeda fiduciária. Não obstante a consolidação da moeda fiduciária, seu sucesso começa a ruir em meados da década de 1970 do século XX com a crise do padrão de Bretton Woods. Neste contexto, emergem os bancos centrais destinando cada vez mais recursos ao exame das possibilidades de introdução da moeda digital. Por outro lado, o surgimento crescente de moedas digitais sem curso forçado justifica a discussão da natureza jurídica deste tipo de bem, desde logo classificando-a como bem, coisa. Circulando até o momento sem supervisão efetiva de qualquer autoridade monetária, por não haver garantia de conversibilidade em outra moeda, inexistindo lastro, como se dá com as moedas de curso forçado, o mercado de criptomoedas pode levar a desastres financeiros de que nem todos se apercebem, pois lhes falta a liquidez típica das moedas de curso forçado. Não obstante esses problemas, a criação de moedas digitais, expressão do exercício da autonomia privada, não viola a norma cogente. Se, do ponto de vista jurídico, a moeda virtual não é ilegal, surgem obstáculos econômicos para caracterizá-la como meio de pagamento pleno. Nessa contraposição entre argumentos econômicos e jurídicos, discute-se na atualidade a possibilidade de criação de eventuais moedas digitais a serem emitidas por bancos centrais substituindo, ainda que parcialmente, as atuais moedas físicas em circulação. Baseado nessas ponderações, este artigo abre espaço, portanto, para reflexões quanto a uma possível disciplina legal para essa hipótese, a emissão de moedas digitais por bancos centrais, atribuindo às mesmas curso forçado